Hebrew Parallel Text: Literary Translation of Job (8)

Hebrew Parallel Text: Literary Translation of Job (8)

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1. Translation Policy

This translation is not a faithful literal rendering of the biblical text, but an artistic attempt to recreate the spirit of the narrative within the dignified, literary resonance of Japanese classical literature, including free translation and dramatization. It aims to express the solemnity and dramatic progression of the original text through a unique style.

In translating, the following policies were observed:

Conciseness and Rhythm: Following the economy of language found in the classics, unnecessary particles and decorations have been stripped away to the limit. The contrast between the intense cries of suffering unique to the Book of Job and the laws of causality spoken by his friends is also brought to life within this rhythm.

Classical Literary Tone: While based on classical literary language, a balance was sought with readability for modern readers. The aim is to reconstruct it as an artistic literary language while avoiding the vulgarity of pseudo-classical styles.

Strict Style: Hiragana, including archaic forms, has been replaced with kanji as much as possible. Furthermore, by avoiding honorifics and humble language entirely, the fundamental relationship between God, the created, and humanity is expressed more directly and powerfully.

[About the Production Background]

This literary translation was generated and edited through collaboration with AI, based on the creator's clear concept. While the original biblical text is in the public domain, this translation is an attempt at a new creative expression, converting it into a unique style. We welcome readers to freely quote and share this for non-profit purposes such as education, research, and private use. However, please refrain from unauthorized modification or commercial use of the text.

2. Commentary

This translation is an attempt to reconstruct the poetic structure and depth of meaning inherent in the Hebrew original within the stylistic beauty of Japanese classical literary language.

Chapter 15:
This is the second speech of Eliphaz the Temanite. He denounces Job's words as false and lacking the fear of God. By speaking of the path of suffering trodden by the wicked based on traditional wisdom, he indirectly condemns Job.

Chapter 16:
This is Job's rebuttal and lamentation against the harsh accusations of Eliphaz. He calls his friends miserable comforters and laments that their words are of no help. Furthermore, while complaining that God has made him a target and torn him apart with fierce anger, he also voices a faint hope that he has a witness in heaven.

Shadow of Death (16:16):
A term indicating deep darkness, extreme suffering, or the state just before death. Job uses this symbolic term to express how his eyelids are darkly covered by incessant tears.

3. Hebrew Parallel Literary Translation

Book of Job Chapter 15

15:1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said,
וַיַּעַן אֱלִיפַז הַתֵּימָנִי וַיֹּאמַר׃
Vayyaan Eliphaz hatemaní vayyomar.
Answered / Eliphaz / the Temanite / and said.

15:2 Should a wise man answer with vain knowledge, and fill his belly with the east wind?
הֶחָכָם יַעֲנֶה דַעַת־רוּחַ וִימַלֵּא קָדִים בִּטְנוֹ׃
Hehacham yaane daat-ruach vimalle kadim bitno.
The wise man / answer / knowledge of / wind / and fill / east / his belly.

15:3 Should he reason with unprofitable talk, or with speeches wherewith he can do no good?
הוֹכֵחַ בְּדָבָר לֹא יִסְכּוֹן וּמִלִּים לֹא־יוֹעִיל בָּם׃
Hocheach bedavar lo yiskon umillim lo-yoil bam.
Reasoning / with talk / not / profitable / and words / not / useful / with them.

15:4 Truly you cast off the fear of God, and hinder prayer before God.
אַף־אַתָּה תָּפֵר יִרְאָה וְתִגְרַע שִׂיחָה לִפְנֵי־אֵל׃
Af attah tafer yirah, vetigra sichah lifnei-El.
Indeed / you / invalidate / fear / and reduce / prayer / before / God.

15:5 Your iniquity teaches your mouth, and you choose the tongue of the crafty.
כִּי יְאַלֵּף עֲוֹנְךָ פִיךָ וְתִבְחַר לְשׁוֹן עֲרוּמִים׃
Ki ye'allef avonecha ficha, vetivchar leshon arumim.
Because / teaches / your iniquity / your mouth / and you choose / tongue / of the crafty.

15:6 Your own mouth condemns you, and not I; your own lips testify against you.
יַרְשִׁיעֲךָ פִיךָ וְלֹא־אָנִי וּשְׂפָתֶיךָ יַעֲנוּ־בָךְ׃
Yarshi'acha ficha velo-ani, usefateicha ya'anu-vach.
Condemns / you / your mouth / not / I / and your lips / testify / against you.

15:7 Are you the first man who was born? Or were you brought forth before the hills?
הֲרִאישׁוֹן אָדָם תִּוָּלֵד וְלִפְנֵי גְבָעוֹת חוֹלָלְתָּ׃
Harishon adam tivvaled, velifnei geva'ot cholalta.
As the first / man / were you born / and before / hills / were you brought forth.

15:8 Have you heard the secret counsel of God? And do you limit wisdom to yourself?
הַבְסוֹד אֱלוֹהַּ תִּשְׁמָע וְתִגְרַע אֵלֶיךָ חָכְמָה׃
Havsod Eloah tishma, vetigra eleicha chochmah.
The secret / of God / did you hear / and did you limit / to yourself / wisdom.

15:9 What do you know that we do not know? What do you understand that is not with us?
מַה־יָּדַעְתָּ וְלֹא נֵדָע תָּבִין וְלֹא־עִמָּנוּ הוּא׃
Ma yada'ta velo neda, tavin velo-immanu hu.
What / do you know / and not / we know / you understand / and not / with us / it is.

15:10 Both the gray-haired and the aged are among us, older than your father in days.
גַּם־שָׂב גַּם־יָשִׁישׁ בָּנוּ כַּבִּיר מֵאָבִיךָ יָמִים׃
Gam sav gam yashish banu, kabbir me'avicha yamim.
Also / gray-haired / also / aged / among us / greater / than your father / in days.

15:11 Are the consolations of God too small for you, even the word spoken gently to you?
הַמְעַט מִמְּךָ תַּנְחוּמוֹת אֵל וְדָבָר לָאַט עִמָּךְ׃
Ham'at mimmecha tanchumot El, vedavar la'at immach.
Is it small / to you / the consolations / of God / and the word / gentle / to you.

15:12 Why does your heart carry you away, and why do your eyes flash?
מַה־יִּקָּחֲךָ לִבֶּךָ וּמַה־יִּרְזְמוּן עֵינֶיךָ׃
Ma yikkachacha libbecha, uma yirzemun eineicha.
Why / carries you away / your heart / and why / flash / your eyes.

15:13 You turn your spirit against God, and let such words go out of your mouth.
כִּי־תָשִׁיב אֶל־אֵל רוּחֶךָ וְהֹצֵאתָ מִפִּיךָ מִלִּין׃
Ki-tashiv el-El ruchecha, vehotzeta mippicha millin.
Because / you turn / to / God / your spirit / and you bring out / from your mouth / words.

15:14 What is man, that he could be pure? And he who is born of a woman, that he could be righteous?
מָה־אֱנוֹשׁ כִּי־יִזְכֶּה וְכִי־יִצְדַּק יְלוּד אִשָּׁה׃
Ma-enosh ki-yizkeh, vechi-yitsdak yelud ishah.
What / mortal man / that he may be pure / and that / he may be righteous / born / of a woman.

15:15 Behold, He puts no trust in His saints, and the heavens are not pure in His sight.
הֵן בִּקְדֹשָׁיו לֹא יַאֲמִין וְשָׁמַיִם לֹא־זַכּוּ בְעֵינָיו׃
Hen bikdoshav lo ya'amin, veshamayim lo-zakku ve'einav.
Behold / in His holy ones / not / He trusts / and the heavens / not / are pure / in His eyes.

15:16 How much less man, who is abominable and corrupt, who drinks iniquity like water!
אַף כִּי־נִתְעָב וְנֶאֱלָח אִישׁ־שֹׁתֶה כַמַּיִם עַוְלָה׃
Af ki-nit'av vene'elach, ish-shoteh kammayim avlah.
How much more / abominable / and corrupt / man / drinking / like water / iniquity.

15:17 I will show you, listen to me; and what I have seen I will declare,
אֲחַוְךָ שְׁמַע־לִי וְזֶה־חָזִיתִי וַאֲסַפֵּרָה׃
Achavecha shema-li, veze-chaziti va'asapperah.
I will show you / listen / to me / and this / I have seen / and I will declare.

15:18 Which wise men have told, and have not hidden from their fathers,
אֲשֶׁר־חֲכָמִים יַגִּידוּ וְלֹא כִחֲדוּ מֵאֲבוֹתָם׃
Asher-chachamim yaggidu, velo chichadu me'avotam.
Which / wise men / tell / and not / hid / from their fathers.

15:19 To whom alone the land was given, and no stranger passed among them.
לָהֶם לְבַדָּם נִתְּנָה הָאָרֶץ וְלֹא־עָבַר זָר בְּתוֹכָם׃
Lahem levaddam nittena ha'arets, velo-avar zar betocham.
To them / to them alone / was given / the land / and not / passed / a stranger / among them.

15:20 The wicked man writhes with pain all his days, and the number of years is hidden for the oppressor.
כָּל־יְמֵי רָשָׁע הוּא מִתְחוֹלֵל וּמִסְפַּר שָׁנִים נִצְפְּנוּ לֶעָרִיץ׃
Kol-yemei rasha hu micholel, umispar shanim nitspenu la'arits.
All / days / of the wicked / he / writhes / and the number / of years / are hidden / for the oppressor.

15:21 Dreadful sounds are in his ears; in prosperity the destroyer comes upon him.
קוֹל־פְּחָדִים בְּאָזְנָיו בַּשָּׁלוֹם שׁוֹדֵד יְבוֹאֶנּוּ׃
Kol-pechadim be'oznav, bashalom shoded yevo'ennu.
Sound / of terrors / in his ears / in peace / the destroyer / comes upon him.

15:22 He does not believe that he will return from darkness, and he is marked for the sword.
לֹא־יַאֲמִין שׁוּב מִנִּי־חֹשֶׁךְ וְצָפוּי הוּא אֱלֵי־חָרֶב׃
Lo-ya'amin shuv minni-choshech, vetsafui hu elei-charev.
Not / he believes / to return / from / darkness / and marked / he is / for the sword.

15:23 He wanders about for bread, saying, 'Where is it?' He knows that a day of darkness is ready at his hand.
נֹדֵד הוּא לַלֶּחֶם אַיֵּה יָדַע כִּי־נָכוֹן בְּיָדוֹ יוֹם־חֹשֶׁךְ׃
Noded hu lallechem ayyeh, yada ki-nachon beyado yom-choshech.
Wanders / he / for bread / where / he knows / that / is ready / at his hand / day / of darkness.

15:24 Distress and anguish terrify him; they overwhelm him like a king prepared for battle.
יְבַעֲתֻהוּ צַר וּמְצוּקָה תִּתְקְפֵהוּ כְּמֶלֶךְ עָתִיד לַכִּידוֹר׃
Yevatuhu tsar umetsukah titkevehu kemelekh atid lakidor.
Terrify him / distress / and anguish / overwhelm / him / like a king / prepared / for battle.

15:25 Because he stretched out his hand against God and defied the Almighty.
כִּי־נָטָה אֶל־אֵל יָדוֹ וְאֶל־שַׁדַּי יִתְגַּבָּר׃
Ki natah el el yado ve'el shaddai yitgabbar.
Because / stretched out / against / God / his hand / and against / the Almighty / defied.

15:26 He charges against Him with a stiff neck, with the thick bosses of his shields.
יָרוּץ אֵלָיו בְּצַוָּאר בַּעֲבִי גַּבֵּי מָגִנָּיו׃
Yaruts elav betsavvar ba'avi gabbei maginnav.
Runs / against Him / with a neck / with the thickness / of the bosses / of his shields.

15:27 Because he covered his face with his fat and made folds of fat upon his loins.
כִּי־כִסָּה פָנָיו בְּחֶלְבּוֹ וַיַּעַשׂ פִּימָה עֲלֵי־כָסֶל׃
Ki khissah fanav behelbo vayya'as pimah alei-khasel.
Because / covered / his face / with his fat / and made / fat / upon / his loins.

15:28 He dwelt in desolate cities, in houses which no one inhabits, which were destined to become heaps of ruins.
וַיִּשְׁכּוֹן עָרִים נִכְחָדוֹת בָּתִּים לֹא־יֵשְׁבוּ לָמוֹ אֲשֶׁר הִתְעַתְּדוּ לְגַלִּים׃
Vayishkon arim nikhdadot battim lo-yeshevu lamo asher hit'attedu legallim.
And dwelt / in cities / desolate / in houses / not / inhabited / for them / which / were destined / to become heaps.

15:29 He will not be rich, nor will his wealth endure, nor will his possessions spread over the earth.
לֹא־יֶעְשַׁר וְלֹא־יָקוּם חֵילוֹ וְלֹא־יִטֶּה לָאָרֶץ מִנְלָם׃
Lo-ye'ashar velo-yakum kheilo velo-yitteh la'arets minlam.
Not / he will be rich / and not / will stand / his wealth / and not / will spread / to the earth / their possessions.

15:30 He will not escape from darkness; the flame will wither his shoots, and he will depart by the breath of His mouth.
לֹא־יָסוּר מִנִּי־חֹשֶׁךְ יֹנַקְתּוֹ תְּיַבֵּשׁ שַׁלְהָבֶת וְיָסוּר בְּרוּחַ פִּיו׃
Lo-yasur minni-khoshekh yonakto teyavesh shalhavet veyasur beruakh piv.
Not / he will depart / from / darkness / his shoots / will wither / the flame / and will depart / by the breath / of His mouth.

15:31 Let him not trust in vanity, being deceived; for vanity will be his reward.
אַל־יַאֲמֵן בַּשָּׁוְא נִתְעָה כִּי־שָׁוְא תִּהְיֶה תְּמוּרָתוֹ׃
Al-ya'amen bashav nit'ah ki-shav tihyeh temurato.
Let not / trust / in vanity / being deceived / because / vanity / will be / his reward.

15:32 Before his day it will be fulfilled, and his branch will not be green.
בְּלֹא־יוֹמוֹ תִּמָּלֵא וְכִפָּתוֹ לֹא רַעֲנָנָה׃
Belo-yomo timmale vekhippato lo ra'ananah.
Before / his day / it will be fulfilled / and his branch / not / green.

15:33 He will shake off his unripe fruit like the vine, and cast off his blossoms like the olive.
יַחְמֹס כַּגֶּפֶן בִּסְרוֹ וְיַשְׁלֵךְ כַּזַּיִת נִצָּתוֹ׃
Yakhmos kaggefen bisro veyashlekh kazzayit nitsato.
He will shake off / like the vine / his unripe fruit / and cast off / like the olive / his blossoms.

15:34 For the company of the godless will be desolate, and fire will consume the tents of bribery.
כִּי־עֲדַת חָנֵף גַּלְמוּד וְאֵשׁ אָכְלָה אָהֳלֵי־שֹׁחַד׃
Ki-adat khanef galmud ve'esh akhlah oholei-shokhad.
Because / the company / of the godless / is desolate / and fire / will consume / the tents / of bribery.

15:35 They conceive trouble and bring forth iniquity, and their belly prepares deceit.
הָרֹה עָמָל וְיָלֹד אָוֶן וּבִטְנָם תָּכִין מִרְמָה׃
Haroh amal veyalod aven uvitnam takhin mirmah.
Conceiving / trouble / and bringing forth / iniquity / and their belly / prepares / deceit.

Job Chapter 16

16:1 Then Job answered and said,
וַיַּעַן אִיּוֹב וַיֹּאמַר׃
Vayya'an Iyov vayyomar.
And answered / Job / and said.

16:2 I have heard many such things; miserable comforters are you all.
שָׁמַעְתִּי כְאֵלֶּה רַבּוֹת מְנַחֲמֵי עָמָל כֻּלְּכֶם׃
Shama'ti khe'elleh rabbot menakhamei amal kullekhem.
I have heard / such / many / comforters / of trouble / all of you.

16:3 Is there an end to windy words? Or what provokes you that you answer?
הֲקֵץ לְדִבְרֵי־רוּחַ אוֹ מַה־יַּמְרִיצְךָ כִּי תַעֲנֶה׃
Hakets ledivrei-ruakh o ma-yamritskha ki ta'aneh.
Is there an end / to words / of wind / or / what / provokes you / that / you answer.

16:4 I also could speak like you, if your soul were in my soul's place. I could heap up words against you and shake my head at you.
גַּם־אָנֹכִי כָּכֶם אֲדַבֵּרָה לוּ־יֵשׁ נַפְשְׁכֶם תַּחַת נַפְשִׁי אַחְבִּירָה עֲלֵיכֶם בְּמִלִּים וְאָנִיעָה עֲלֵיכֶם בְּמוֹ רֹאשִׁי׃
Gam-anokhi kakhem adabberah lu-yesh nafshekhem takhat nafshi akhbirah aleikhem bemillim veani'ah aleikhem bemo roshi.
Also / I / like you / could speak / if / there were / your soul / in place of / my soul / I would heap up / against you / with words / and I would shake / at you / with / my head.

16:5 But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the comfort of my lips would soothe you.
אֲאַמִּצְכֶם בְּמוֹ־פִי וְנִיד שְׂפָתַי יַחְשֹׂךְ׃
A'amitskhem bemo-fi venid sefatay yakhsokh.
I would strengthen you / with / my mouth / and the comfort / of my lips / would soothe.

16:6 Though I speak, my pain is not relieved; and if I refrain, what departs from me?
אִם־אֲדַבְּרָה לֹא־יֵחָשֵׂךְ כְּאֵבִי וְאַחְדְּלָה מַה־מִנִּי יַהֲלֹךְ׃
Im-adabberah lo-yechasek ke'evi ve'achdelah ma-minni yahalokh.
If / I speak / not / is relieved / my pain / and if I refrain / what / from me / departs.

16:7 But now He has exhausted me; You have destroyed all my company.
אַךְ־עַתָּה הֶלְאָנִי הֲשִׁמּוֹתָ כָּל־עֲדָתִי׃
Akh-attah hel'ani hashimmota kol-adati.
But / now / He has exhausted me / You have destroyed / all / my company.

16:8 You have seized me. This is my witness. My emaciated form rises up and testifies against me, answering to my face.
וַֽתִּקְמְטֵנִי לְעֵד הָיָה וַיָּקָם בִּי כַחֲשִׁי בְּפָנַי יַעֲנֶה׃
Vattikmeteni le'ed hayah, vayyakam bi chashi, befanai ya'aneh.
And you have seized me / as a witness / it became / and stood / in me / my emaciation / to my face / answers.

16:9 God tears me with His anger, He attacks me, gnashes His teeth at me, and fixes His eyes upon me as my enemy.
אַפּוֹ טָרַף וַֽיִּשְׂטְמֵנִי חָרַק עָלַי בְּשִׁנָּיו צָרִי יִלְטוֹשׁ עֵינָיו לִי׃
Appo taraf vayyistemeni, charak alai beshinnav, tsari yiltosh enav li.
His anger / tore / and attacked me / He gnashed / against me / with His teeth / my adversary / sharpens / His eyes / at me.

16:10 They open their mouths against me, strike my cheeks in contempt, and gather together against me.
פָּעֲרוּ עָלַי בְּפִיהֶם בְּחֶרְפָּה הִכּוּ לְחָיָי יַחַד עָלַי יִתְמַלָּאוּ׃
Pa'aru alai befichem, becherpah hikku lechayai, yachad alai yitmallau.
They opened / against me / with their mouths / with contempt / they struck / my cheeks / together / against me / they gather.

16:11 God delivers me to the unjust and casts me into the hands of the wicked.
יַסְגִּירֵנִי אֵל אֶל־עֲוִיל וְעַל־יְדֵי רְשָׁעִים יִרְטֵנִי׃
Yasgireni El el-avil, ve'al-yede resha'im yirteni.
Delivers me / God / to / the unjust / and into / the hands of / the wicked / He casts me.

16:12 I was at ease, but He shattered me, seized me by the neck and crushed me, and set me up as His target.
שָׁלֵו הָיִיתִי וַֽיְפַרְפְּרֵנִי וְאָחַז בְּעָרְפִּי וַֽיְפַצְפְּצֵנִי וַיְקִימֵנִי לוֹ לְמַטָּרָה׃
Shalev hayiti vayefarpereni, ve'achaz be'orpi vayefatsptseni, vayekimeni lo lemattarah.
At ease / I was / but He shattered me / and seized / my neck / and crushed me / and set me up / for Him / as a target.

16:13 His archers surround me, pierce my kidneys without mercy, and pour out my gall upon the ground.
יָסֹבּוּ עָלַי רַבָּיו יְפַלַּח כִּלְיוֹתַי וְלֹא יַחְמוֹל יִשְׁפֹּךְ לָאָרֶץ מְרֵרָתִי׃
Yasobbu alai rabbav, yefallach kilyotai velo yachmol, yishpoch la'arets mererati.
Surround / me / His archers / He pierces / my kidneys / and not / spares / pours out / to the ground / my gall.

16:14 He breaks me with breach upon breach, and rushes at me like a warrior.
יִפְרְצֵנִי פֶרֶץ עַל־פְּנֵי־פָרֶץ יָרוּץ עָלַי כְּגִבּוֹר׃
Yifretseni ferets al-pene-farets, yaruts alai kegibbor.
He breaks me / a breach / upon / the face of / a breach / he runs / against me / like a warrior.

16:15 I have sewn sackcloth upon my skin and buried my horn in the dust.
שַׂק תָּפַרְתִּי עֲלֵי גִלְדִּי וְעֹלַלְתִּי בֶעָפָר קַרְנִי׃
Saq tafarti ale gildi, ve'olalti be'afar qarni.
Sackcloth / I sewed / upon / my skin / and buried / in the dust / my horn.

16:16 My face is flushed from weeping, and on my eyelids is the shadow of death.
פָּנַי חֳמַרְמְרוּ מִנִּי־בֶכִי וְעַל עַפְעַפַּי צַלְמָוֶת׃
Panai chomarmeru minni-vechi, ve'al afappai tsalmavet.
My face / is flushed / from / weeping / and upon / my eyelids / is the shadow of death.

16:17 Yet there is no injustice in my hands, and my prayer is pure.
עַל לֹא־חָמָס בְּכַפָּי וּתְפִלָּתִי זַכָּה׃
Al lo-chamas bechappai, utfillati zakkah.
Although / no / injustice / in my hands / and my prayer / is pure.

16:18 O earth, do not cover my blood. Let there be no resting place for my cry.
אֶרֶץ אַל־תְּכַסִּי דָמִי וְאַל־יְהִי מָקוֹם לְזַעֲקָתִי׃
Erets al-techassi dami, ve'al-yehi maqom leza'aqati.
Earth / do not / cover / my blood / and let not / be / a place / for my cry.

16:19 Even now, behold, my witness is in heaven, and my advocate is in the heights.
גַּם־עַתָּה הִנֵּה־בַשָּׁמַיִם עֵדִי וְשָׂהֲדִי בַּמְּרוֹמִים׃
Gam-attah hinneh-vashamayim edi, vesahadi bammeromim.
Also / now / behold / in heaven / my witness / and my advocate / in the heights.

16:20 My friends mock me, but my eye pours out tears to God.
מְלִיצַי רֵעָי אֶל־אֱלוֹהַּ דָּלְפָה עֵינִי׃
Melitsai re'ai, el-Eloah dalpah eini.
My mockers / my friends / to / God / pours out / my eye.

16:21 That He might plead for a man with God, as a son of man does for his friend.
וְיוֹכַח לְגֶבֶר עִם־אֱלוֹהַּ וּבֶן־אָדָם לְרֵעֵהוּ׃
Veyochach legever im-Eloah, uven-adam lere'ehu.
And He might plead / for a man / with / God / and a son of man / for his friend.

16:22 For when the years that are numbered come, I shall walk the path from which I shall not return.
כִּי־שְׁנוֹת מִסְפָּר יֶאֱתָיוּ וְאֹרַח לֹא־אָשׁוּב אֶהֱלֹךְ׃
Ki-shenot mispar ye'etayu, ve'orach lo-ashuv eheloch.
For / years / of number / come / and the path / not / I shall return / I shall walk.

4. Hebrew Vocabulary List

Below is a comprehensive list of frequently used vocabulary appearing multiple times in Job chapters 15 and 16, as well as important keywords.

tsalmavet: Shadow of death, deep darkness. (Important vocabulary)

Iyyov: Job. Elifaz: Eliphaz. Eloah / El: God. Amar: To say. Davar: Word, thing. Ruach: Wind, spirit. Beten: Womb, belly. Pe: Mouth. Safah: Lip. Ayin: Eye. Panim: Face. Yad: Hand. Oznaim: Ears. Lev: Heart. Adam: Man. Enosh: Mortal man, man. Ish: Man, husband. Gever: Man, male. Rasha: Wicked person. Amal: Labor, mischief. Edah: Congregation, group. Choshech: Darkness, gloom. Shamayim: Heaven. Erets: Earth. Mayim: Water. Anah: To answer. Shama: To hear. Yada: To know. Aman: To believe. Ra'ah / Chazah: To see. Bo: To come, enter. Halach: To walk, go away. Yashav / Shakhan: To dwell. Qum: To stand. Ruts: To run. Shav: Vanity. Aven: Iniquity. Qol: Voice. Af: Anger, also. Yom: Day. Shanah: Year. Lo / Al: Not, prohibitive particle. Ki: Because, conjunction. Mah: What.

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