Mass Movement

Zaria Impounded Reservoir is the only source of piped water supply to Zaria and its environs since its impoundment in 1974 to date. However, its useful life is being threatened by continuous siltation with sediments originating from its drainage basin -the Galma Drainage Basin as a result of improper land use practices. Owing to the great importance of the reservoir in the supply of potable water to Zaria and environs, an attempt was made to study the reservoir's bathymetry using boat, metric tape with a heavy object attached to it and satellite navigator. Result of this measurements shows that the present year, 2010, average weighted depth has been reduced to 2.82 metres from 15.00 metres at the day of impoundment in 1974. Also, the remaining storage was reduced to 21,129,242 m 3 , about 46 percent of the original volume, 45,800,000 m 3 at the day of impoundment. Furthermore, the rate of siltation between years 1974 to 2010 was calculated to be 685,299 m 3 /year. It corresponds to about 1.5 percent per year of the original storage. Further, the measurement has shown that only the active storage is left in year 2010. The dead storage had been completely silted up about 23 years after the impoundment and active storage has been reduced by 8,670,758 m 3 in year 2010 from the original 29,800,000 m 3 . By year 2041 the reservoir will be completely silted up if preventive measures are not taken. Additionally, rate of erosion depth in the drainage basin has been calculated as 0.3 mm/a.

The environmental effects of wildfires are a hot issue in current research. This study examines the effects of the 2021 wildfires in the Attica region in Greece based on Earth observation and GIS-based techniques for the development of a web app that includes the derived knowledge. The effects of wildfires were estimated with the use of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery concerning burned area extent and burn severity using a NBR-based method. In addition, the erosion risk was modeled on a pre-fire and post-fire basis with the RUSLE. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of wildfires with a holistic approach to produce useful knowledge tools in post-fire impact assessment and restoration.

The Wetumpka impact structure, which has a NW-SE diameter of ∼5 km and a NE-SW diameter of ∼7.6 km, is located in central Alabama (USA), where it was formed in a shallow, nearshore marine environment during the Late Cretaceous. This impact structure has been studied previously through field investigations, shallow core drilling, and gravity modeling. In this paper, we build upon those studies by performing hydrocode modeling using iSALE-2D to investigate the transient crater evolution and the craterfilling sequence. The present study helps explain the unusual collapsed, southwestern, seaward-facing, quadrant of the rim, which is thought to have contributed substantially to the upper part of the crater-filling sequence. We chose a three-layer model to approximate the initial target layer morphology: water on top; sediments in the middle; and granite at the bottom. We performed compression and tensile strength tests on intact micaceous schist (approximated as granite in the model) collected from the crater rim, which were used to obtain values for cohesion in the iSALE-2D damage model. We performed simulations with different combinations of water depths (62.5-125 m), impact velocities (12-18 km/s), and sediment thicknesses (100-300 m) to assess five different impact scenarios. We observed that simulations involving a 400-m-diameter impactor, impacting at 12 km/s (vertical component) on a target with 62.5 m water depth and a 300-m-target sediment layer, resulted in a final crater model that best approximates what has been observed in the field as well as by drilling and gravity modeling. Finally, we compared the pressures predicted by iSALE-2D with previous studies of Wetumpka's shock petrography. Our numerical results show a relatively close correlation between both the geological relationships and shock levels observed within and among the craterfilling units. This study not only enhances our understanding of the Wetumpka impact structure but also demonstrates the potential of numerical modeling in reconstructing impact crater evolution, offering a foundation for future research in both terrestrial and planetary impact cratering.

The burial and exhumation history of the Wetumpka impact crater, which is located at the boundary between the crystalline Piedmont terrain of the southern Appalachian Mountains and the inner coastal plain terrain of Alabama, has not been investigated in any significant way since geologists recognized (c. 1969) that the semi-circular, topographic features composed of outcrops of Piedmont schist and gneiss near Wetumpka, Alabama, might be the rim of an eroded impact crater. Recent satellite imagery, along with new field work, is combined with a review of pertinent eustatic sea-level curves and pre-existing topographic and geological maps, and that helps reveal this missing chapter in the history of the crater. In the present paper, we explain how the Wetumpka impact crater was initially an emergent, Late Cretaceous shallow marine feature that was deeply eroded until middle Oligocene. Then, the Wetumpka impact crater was buried beneath, then exhumed from, thick clastic deposits informally called the "high terrace," which is lower-middle Miocene. Burial and Exhumation History of the Wetumpka Impact Crater, Alabama

In this paper a numerical model for predicting waves generated by nearshore submarine mass-movements is described. The model is based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the k turbulence model. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed to track the free surface. The submarine mass movement is prescribed. Numerical results obtained from the present model are validated with laboratory experiments and analytical solutions. Very good agreements are observed.

A wide range of numerical models and tools have been developed over the last decades to support the decision making process in environmental applications, ranging from physical models to a variety of statistically-based methods. In this study, a landslide susceptibility map of a part of Three Gorges Reservoir region of China was produced, employing binary logistic regression analyses. The available information includes the digital elevation model of the region, geological map and different GIS layers including land cover data obtained from satellite imagery. The landslides were observed and documented during the field studies. The validation analysis is exploited to investigate the quality of mapping

В статье исламизм описывается как многогранный, многомерный и постоянно изменяющийся феномен, который проявляет себя на разных уровнях. Невозможно постичь современные мусульманские (и тем более арабские) общества без учета влияния ислама как одновременно идеологии, культурной среды, модальности и образа жизни. Было бы ошибкой представлять исламизм как нарост на теле мусульманских обществ. На самом деле исламизм во многом отражает сущность современных мусульманских обществ, способ мышления и жизни большинства их населения. Это во многом помогает поддерживать социальные, экономические, политические и различные другие субсистемы на разных уровнях общества, а также создает своеобразную исламскую модель модернизации. В этой статье мы представляем наше собственное видение причин глубокой интеграции исламизма в мусульманские общества, аргументируем, почему на современном этапе устранить исламизм невозможно и почему для снижения влияния радикального исламызма необходимо искать компромисс с умеренными исламистами.

The article describes Islamism as a multifaceted, multidimensional and constantly changing phenomenon which manifests itself at different levels. Islamism has many levels and manifestations. It is impossible to comprehend modern Muslim (and even more so Arab) societies without taking into account the influence of Islam as ideology, cultural environment, modality and way of life at the same time. It would be a mistake to represent Islamism as a node on the body of Muslim societies. In fact, Islamism largely reflects the essence of modern Muslim societies, the way of thinking and life of the majority of their population. Islamism in many ways helps to support social, economic, political and various other subsystems at different levels of society. It also creates a kind of Islamic model of modernization. In the article, the authors present their own vision of the reasons and grounds for the extensive and profound integration of Islamism into Muslim societies, argue why at the present s...

The analysis of six landing sites that were candidates for the two NASA Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) benefited from recently available image data from the Thermal Emission Imaging Spectrometer (THEMIS) onboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The combination of daytime and nighttime thermal infrared images from THEMIS supplemented by additional data sets has lead to new or expanded insights into the nature of each landing site. In Meridiani Planum, a layer of lighter-toned, higher thermal inertia material is observable just below the hematite-bearing layer. Gusev Crater displays a more complex stratigraphy than previously observed, including an upper layer with lobate margins. The highest inertia unit of southern Isidis Planitia is confined to topographic lows in the rim/basin margin and does not appear to be due to highland material transported onto the basin floor. The enigmatic, ovoid, blocky terrain on the floor of Melas Chasma displays higher thermal inertia than its surroundings, an indication that it contains coarser or more indurated material than the adjacent aeolian bedforms. The myriad channels of Athabasca Valles display distinctive thermal signatures despite the presence of a bright layer of dust covering the region. The presence of alluvial fans produced from spur-and-gulley erosion of the walls of Eos Chasma demonstrates that mass movements have occurred following the canyon scouring floods.

It is increasingly clear that landslides represent a major cause of economic costs and deaths in earthquakes in mountains. In the Wenchuan earthquake case, post-seismic cascading landslides continue to represent a major problem eight years on. Failure to anticipate the impact of cascading landslides could lead to unexpected losses of human lives and properties. Previous studies tended to focus on separate landslide processes, with little attention paid to the quantification of long-term evolution of multiple processes or the evolution of mass movements. The very active mass movements near the epicentre of the Wenchuan earthquake provided us a unique opportunity to understand the complex processes of the evolving cascading landslides after a strong earthquake. This study budgets the mass movements on the hillslopes and in the channels in the first eight years since the Wenchuan earthquake and verify a conservation in mass movements. A system illustrating the evolution and interactions of mass movement after a strong earthquake is proposed. Large earthquakes induce widespread landslides that cause significant spatial erosion . Elevated landsliding activities after a strong earthquake can continue to cause losses of life and property for years or even decades. A variety of surface processes exist by which materials can be moved over time through hillslope systems 6 . These processes are generically known as mass movements or mass wasting 7 . More than 60,000 landslides were triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China, with 25-30,000 fatalities caused by the earthquake-induced landslides 5 . The major hazards following the strong earthquake included large slides and rock falls, large-scale debris flows, landslide dams, flooding due to dam breaching, increased sedimentation, change of river course, and scouring. These hazards evolved either separately or as an integrated system known as cascading landslides. The mass movements after a mega-earthquake and their impacts should be considered over the full chain of the cascading landslide processes. Previous studies focused on single processes 3,5,8-10 with little attention paid to multiple processes or evolutions of mass movements 11 . Such a limitation poses challenges to hazard mitigation and preparedness: how to evaluate quantitatively the long-term impact of a strong earthquake on the mass movements? How does the volume of erodible sediment residual to earthquake-and rain-induced mass movements change over time? How do the multiple hazards transform and interact in the evolution process? This paper examines the evolution of the long-term mass movement after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in space and in time. The study reveals a conservation in mass movements in the first eight years since the Wenchuan earthquake. A system illustrating the evolution and interactions of mass movement after a strong earthquake is proposed. Extreme mass movements occur frequently following a strong earthquake . The epicentre of the Wenchuan earthquake, Yingxiu, was very close to the Province Road PR303 (PR303) leading to the Research and Conservation Centre of Giant Pandas at Wolong. A total of 28 catchments with a combined area of 85 km 2 along highway PR303 were selected for this study (Fig. ). During the earthquake in 2008 and in the eight years after the earthquake, PR303 experienced multiple extraordinary hazards (Fig. ). Widespread co-seismic landslides were triggered on both sides of the road during the earthquake. The landslides cut off the roads and isolated the stricken region, causing numerous fatalities (Fig. ). The reconstruction of PR303 started in April 2009. Although efforts have been made to remove or strengthen some unsafe deposits, many deposits at high elevations are still unstable.

A database of seismically-induced landslides in the Betic Cordillera is presented. Data included were classified according to landslide typology. Most of them (E80%) correspond to small size, disrupted landslides (including rock/earth falls and earth slides that disorganize as mass-movement progresses) and the remaining consist mainly of coherent landslides (slumps in soils and rock-slides). Deep seated induced landslides are uncommon in the study zone and have occurred only after the few events of large magnitude reported in the Cordillera. Data available show that events of small magnitude (M w o 5.0) can induce instabilities in the study zone for comparatively large distances (410 km) when compared with available upper bound curves for maximum epicentral distances for seismic induced landslides, that concentrate along areas prone to landsliding, like river banks or slopes on soft materials, which points out the importance of the role of slope susceptibility on the occurrence of instabilities during earthquakes. Landslides in the database are then analyzed and a power-law relationship that relates earthquake size, measured as epicentral intensity (I o ), to maximum distance of induced landslide valid for the study zone is proposed. Although included data represent a clear partial and incomplete dataset, they show the landslide state of knowledge for this region.

Within about 100 km (by road) from Longarone and Vaiont, many landslides of many different types and characteristics can be readily identified and accessed. In general, the different types can be clearly associated with their respective topographic and geological contexts. Those associated with 'soft rocks' are found at the southern edge of the Dolomites region and within the northern half of the region, where the respective lithologies generally underlie more gentle slopes below prominent limestone outcrops. Small shallow slides and extensive landslides, including the Tambre and Tessina earthflows, occur in the Eocene flysch in the Alpago Basin at the eastern end of the Belluno Trough. The mid-slopes of the Alpago Basin are also characterised by the forms of deep-seated rotational and/or compound slides in the flysch. Further northeast, the soft mudrocks such as those of the San Cassiano Formation have given rise to many mass movements including the Corvara earthflow and the shallow landslides in and around Cortina d'Ampezzo, as well as shallow rotational slides and deep-seated rotational or compound slides involving failure within the mudrocks resulting in major displacements of the overlying limestones. The upper valley slopes immediately west of the Gardena Pass are characterised by very large tension cracks and subsided limestone blocks that can be categorised as 'cambering' failures, again due to failure of the weaker underlying San Cassiano Formation. Landslides founded entirely in the limestones/dolostones have occurred as far south as the ancient Piave

The Appalachian landscape provides an excellent opportunity to examine an environment that promotes sediment subsidence, accumulation and possible preservation: mantled karst. Mantled karst exists along the Blue Ridge-Great Valley margin from south-central Pennsylvania to central Virginia. Topographically, the mantled karst contains low-relief irregular topography with abundant surface depressions, some of which contain ponds, and in places lacks continual surface drainage and springs. Sand and gravel quarries along the valley margin expose predominantly stream flow, hyperconcentrated flow, debris flow and hillslope (colluvial) deposits that mantle karstic Paleozoic bedrock and carbonate residuum. Unconformable and sometimes erosive contacts between carbonate residuum and clastic sediments, and soft-sediment deformation features have been observed within exposures suggesting subsidence into accumulation and/or preservation space created by geochemical dissolution and collapse that c...

The Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco are best known for their slope-active movements, where lithology, topographic relief, and seismotectonic are likely to cause slope instability problems. This study focused on geomorphological and geological investigations on palaeo-landslide blocked and dammed the Tamourghout river main bed (Taza, Morroco). The paper is essential due to the enormous proportions of the landslide and also because of the vast watershed lock-up by the dam (Tamda lake) and the recognition that a Tamourghout river has been and can be obstructed by a permanent landslide

Recognition of threshold and slope classes within a region assists indicates slope units where specific geomorphological processes are operating, and may be used to predict slope hazard areas. Using slope profile surveys and GIS techniques, analysis of slope form in the Callow Bank catchment near Hathersage identified characteristic and threshold slope angles. Geomorphological maps that adopt recognized characteristic and threshold slope classes allow an engineer or planner to identify slopes associated with particular hazardous processes.

Geofísica Internacional (2024) 63-3: 949-958 A portion of the west of Mexico City is densely populated in an abrupt topography, whose volcanosedimentary materials increase the likelihood of landslides. We exploited the geometry of a quadrangular geophones array to apply Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and Ambient Noise Tomography (ANT) methods and explore the extent of landslide-prone materials. The results show low-velocity areas (Vs < 100 m/s, being Vs group velocities) associated with materials that have lost their resistance due to the increase in pore pressure and the places where eventually, more landslides will occur (120 < Vs < 200 m/s) if mitigation work is not carried out. The most stable zones correspond to materials with velocity values greater than 250 m/s that overlap a bedrock at an average depth of 8 m. Thus, when it is not advisable to perform active source experiments, ANT can provide practical results to determine the extension of the sliding materials. Una porción del poniente de la Ciudad de México está densamente poblada en una topografía abrupta. Los materiales en esa zona son volcano-sedimentarios, los cuales, debido a procesos naturales y antropogénicos, aumentan la probabilidad de deslizamientos de tierra. En este estudio explotamos la geometría de un arreglo cuadrangular de geófonos mediante los métodos de Tomografía de Refracción Sísmica (TRS) y Tomografía de Ruido Ambiental (TRA) para explorar la extensión de los materiales propensos a deslizamientos de tierra. Los resultados muestran áreas de baja velocidad (Vs < 100 m/s) asociadas con materiales que han perdido su resistencia debido al aumento de la presión de poro, y áreas donde eventualmente ocurrirán más deslizamientos de tierra (120 < Vs < 200 m/s) si no se realizan trabajos de mitigación. Las zonas más estables corresponden a materiales con valores de velocidad superiores a 250 m/s que sobreyacen a un subestrato irregular con profundidad media de 8 m. Por lo tanto, cuando no es aconsejable realizar experimentos de fuente activa, TRA puede proporcionar resultados prácticos para determinar la extensión de los materiales propensos a deslizamiento.

Deep-seated mass movements currently comprise one of the main morphogenetic processes in the Flysch Belt of the Western Carpathians of Central Europe. These mass movements result in a large spectrum of slope failures, depending on the type of movement and the nature of the bedrock. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey and reconstruction of three distinct deep-seated slope failures in the Raca Unit of the Magura Nappe, Flysch Belt of the Western Carpathians in the Czech Republic. An interdisciplinary approach has enabled a global view of the dynamics and development of these deep-seated slope failures.

The KEK ATF2 facility, with a well instrumented beam line and Final Focus (FF), is a proving ground for linear collider (LC) technology to demonstrate the extreme beam demagnification and spot stability needed for a LC FF*. ATF2 uses water cooled magnets but the baseline ILC calls for a superconducting FF**. Thus we plan to replace some ATF2 FF magnets with superconducting ones made via direct wind construction as planned for the ILC. With no cryogenic supply at ATF2, we look to cool magnets and current leads with a few cryocoolers. ATF2 FF coil winding is underway at BNL and production warm magnetic measurements indicate good field quality. Having FF magnets with larger aperture and better field quality than present FF might allow reducing the beta function at the FF for study of focusing regimes relevant to CLIC. Our ATF2 magnet cryostat will have laser view ports for cold mass movement measurement and FF support and stabilization requirements under study. We plan to make stabilit...

Un Sistema de Alerta Temprana SAT cuenta con herramientas como el monitoreo y vigilancia de los eventos, sistema de comunicaciones, sistema de alarmas y un plan de evacuación ante cualquier eventualidad. Con el presente trabajo, se busca desarrollar el diagnóstico técnico preliminar para el diseño de un SISTEMA DE ALERTA TEMPRANA COMUNITARIO (SATC) en el corregimiento de San Bernardo de Bata, Toledo Norte de Santander, el diseño del SATC cuenta con una etapa previa que consistió en realizar un diagnóstico técnico preliminar de la zona de estudio con el fin de recolectar información primaria y secundaria que sirviera como línea base, seguidamente se procedió a estimar el comportamiento del clima ante eventos como deslizamientos por lluvias mediante el uso de datos climatológicos. El presente estudio permitió realizar estudios preliminares necesarios para llevar a cabo el montaje institucional y operativo del SISTEMA DE ALERTAS TEMPRANAS EN EL CORREGIMIENTO DE SAN BERNARDO DE BATA, TO...

Recent analysis of multi-channel seismic data provides new evidence that mass-transport deposits have been recurrent elements in the Foz do Amazonas Basin during the Middle-Miocene to Recent. In regions located to the NW and SE of the Amazon Deep-sea Fan, mass movement processes remobilized thick siliciclastic series (up to 1,000 m) as huge megaslide deposits over areas up to 90,000 km 2 . The Pará-Maranhão Megaslide in the SE shows a displaced block (>10 4 km 2 ) in association with large mass transport deposits covering an area of more than 10 5 km 2 . These deposits are distally bounded by thrust faults, which propagate upwards eventually offsetting the sea floor. In addition, NW of the deep-sea fan, the Amapá Megaslide Complex presents a series of recurrent megaslides in the stratigraphic succession, bounded by listric normal faults and tear zones on the upper slope. Associated remobilized deposits extend from more than 300 km downslope, partially involving the upper channel-levee units of the Amazon Deep-sea Fan.

Severe natural disturbances can lead to the recovery of the original vegetation or the shift to new vegetation types. While post-disturbance succession is well documented for regularly disturbed ecosystems, little is known about the pathways and rapidity of vegetation dynamics after rare events such as peat mass movements in bogs. We monitored the floristic changes in a mire subject to a bog burst in 1987 for two decades through the repeated sampling of permanent plots. The mean species number per plot increased continuously, while the evenness increased only in the first decade and then slightly decreased. Declining species were mostly mire species, while colonist species were mostly wet meadow species. Species turnover was higher in the first decade after the disturbance, and was also higher in the area of peat erosion than in the area of peat accumulation. Changes in plant species composition indicate a succession towards tall-forb vegetation (Filipendulion), acidic fen vegetation (Caricion fuscae) and swamp willow forest (Salicion). We conclude that the effects of the disturbance are still ongoing, and that the mire's potential for recovery is therefore difficult to predict. Re ´sume ´Les perturbations naturelles se ´ve `res peuvent conduire soit au re ´tablissement de la ve ´ge ´tation d'origine, soit au de ´placement vers un nouveau type de ve ´ge ´tation. Alors que la succession ve ´ge ´tale est bien documente ´e pour les e ´cosyste `mes re ´gulie `rement perturbe ´s, la dynamique de la ve ´ge ´tation apre `s des e ´ve ´nements rares comme les glissements de terrain dans les hauts marais est peu connue. Nous avons suivi pendant 20 ans les changements floristiques dans un marais soumis a `un glissement de terrain en 1987 en effectuant des releve ´s sur 98 carre ´s permanents. La ve ´ge ´tation perturbe ´e consistait en un me ´lange de groupements ve ´ge ´taux de haut marais et de bas marais acide et basique. Le nombre moyen d'espe `ces par carre ´permanent a augmente ´continuellement alors que l'abondance relative des espe `ces n'a augmente ´que la premie `re de ´cennie et a le ´ge `rement diminue ´la deuxie `me. Les espe `ces en de ´clin sont principalement des espe `ces de marais alors que les espe `ces en expansion sont des espe `ces de prairies humides. Le turnover des espe `ces a e ´te ´plus e ´leve ´la premie `re de ´cennie suivant la perturbation que la deuxie `me et a e ´te ´aussi plus e ´leve ´dans la partie supe ´rieure e ´rode ´e que dans la zone d'accumulation de tourbe au bas du glissement. La zone perturbe ´e s'est embuissonne ´e et est devenue plus se `che, plus riche en nutriments et plus acide. Les groupements ve ´ge ´taux montrent diffe ´rentes tendances e ´volutives et nos re ´sultats indiquent une succession vers le bas marais acide (Caricion nigrae), la me ´gaphorbiaie (Filipendulion) et la fore ˆt de saules (Salicion). Les effets du glissement sont encore actifs et le potentiel de re ´cupe ´ration du marais reste difficile a `pre ´dire.

Landslides represent major natural hazards, which cause every year significant loss of lives and damages to buildings, properties and lifelines. In the last decades, a significant increase in landslide frequency took place, in concomitance to climate change and the expansion of urbanized areas. Remote sensing techniques represent a powerful tool for landslide investigation: applications are traditionally divided into three main classes, although this subdivision has some limitations and borders are sometimes fuzzy. The first class comprehends techniques for landslide recognition, i.e., the mapping of past or active slope failures. The second regards landslide monitoring, which entails both ground deformation measurement and the analysis of any other changes along time (e.g., land use, vegetation cover). The third class groups methods for landslide hazard analysis and forecasting. The aim of this paper is to give an overview on the applications of remote-sensing techniques for the th...

With the growing development of offshore natural resources, use of sea-floor transport and communication routes, considerations for the environment and the effects of global climate changes, and will for protecting populations and their infrastructures, the need for assessing risk associated with submarine mass movements is increasing. The present paper proposes an approach for the assessment of risk associated with submarine mass movements based on geotechnical characterisation.

Extensive submarine mass movements have been mapped in the upper reaches of the Saguenay Fjord, Québec, Canada. Our analysis indicates that they were most likely triggered by the 1663 earthquake which shook a large area in Eastern Canada. Signs of instabilities have been observed at various places and although the triggering mechanism is the same, the types of mass movements differ largely including slides, spreads and flow failures in the soft Holocene sediments. Seismic and morphological investigations have revealed the presence of a fault -like deformation possibly linked to terrestrial fractures suggesting that the epicentre of the 1663 earthquake may be located in the area.

The MOMPA project (MOnitorización de Movimientos del terreno y Protocolo de Actuación MOnitoring of ground Movements and Action Protocol) has been 65% co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg V-A Spain-France-Andorra programme (POCTEFA 2014-2020). POCTEFA aims to reinforce the economic and social integration of the French–Spanish–Andorran border. The study area of the project is in the Eastern Pyrenees, covering the whole Principality of Andorra, the Spanish areas of Alt Urgell and Cerdanya (Catalonia) and the French areas of Cerdanya-Capcir and Conflent (Occitanie). The aim of the Project is to provide a useful technical-operational tool for risk prevention and management, at a cross-border level, based on satellite DInSAR technique monitoring of ground movements. The tool includes two main elements: the assessment of the risk associated with active phenomena that affect structures and infrastructures; and the integration of the technique in an act...

Due to its carbonate-dominated lithology and exposure to tectonic and marine forces, the Bardai coastal region in eastern Libya is extremely susceptible to cliff collapse. The Bardai cliffs' instability has increased due to micro-fracturing caused by recent seismic activity in the eastern Mediterranean, including moderate to powerful earthquakes in Greece and Turkey. Active retreat, undercutting, and massive rockfalls that endanger human safety and coastal ecosystems were found during field observations Similarly, the region's geological formations, such as Al-Jaghoub, Al-Faydiya, and Al-Abraq, cause the rocks to fracture and fragment due to the pressure of the Al-Jaghoub formation layers on other delicate formations. By creating shockwaves that travel through pre-fractured strata, illicit fishing methods involving underwater explosives beneath rocky cliffs have accelerated structural weakening in addition to natural forces. In order to reduce future risks in the Bardai area, it is imperative to assess coastal hazards and implement sustainable management strategies in light of the combined natural and human pressures.