Magdy Torab
Prof. of Geomorphology, Damanhour University, EGYPT
Phone: +201002603250
Address: The Egyptian Society of Environmental Change
Alexandria, Egypt
Phone: +201002603250
Address: The Egyptian Society of Environmental Change
Alexandria, Egypt
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Papers by Magdy Torab
constructed it in 331 BC. The ancient island of Pharos borders the city to the north, where Alexander
the Great built a massive lighthouse reaching a height of more than 100 meters. Three earthquakes
between 956 and 1323 AD destroyed it, making it one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The
Heptastadion, a mole spanning more than 1,200 meters, later connected Pharos Island. The ancient
Pharos Lighthouse, built in the 15th century, served as the foundation for Qaitbay Fort. The purpose of
this paper is to describe the paleo-geomorphological map, the geomorphological evolution, and the
stability of Pharos Island's coastline area as part of Alexandria, an ancient city. It will also talk about the
relationship between land and sea as a result of tectonic movements, climate changes, and human
activities over the last 2,000 years, based on evidence found underwater from the Greco-Roman and
Ptolemaic periods. These criteria include local subsidence or uplifting, relative sea-level rise (RSLR),
land topography, width of lagoon barriers, beach-face slope, high-elevated features such as sea cliffs,
stacks, benches, and notches, eroding and accrediting coastlines, and ancient protection works. These
criteria include features such as sea cliffs, stacks, benches, and notches; eroding and accrediting
coastlines; and ancient protection works.
appreciation, providing accessible drinking
water and shaping human settlements into
green oases. They have also influenced cultural
perceptions and hydrogeological studies.
However, they have received little attention
from geoarchaeologists. This study investigates
the geological, geomorphological, and
geoarchaeological attributes of ancient water
springs in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, which
were crucial to ancient human settlements
and mining activities. This paper investigates
the geoarchaeological record of springs in
the Eastern Desert of Egypt, focusing on the
Water Temple and Kanais Temple. Fieldwork,
geoarchaeological analysis, and sediment
testing help understand climate change and
carbonate soil features. The Eastern Desert of
Egypt, characterized by the Red Sea and Nile,
is home to natural water springs and ancient
settlements. To accurately predict seasonal
spring water flow, local driving forces must be
considered when applying a regional model.
This research aims to identify historic water
systems in Egypt's Eastern Desert and their
location and mapping. It also examines the need
for further research and exploration. Despite
the dry desert landscape's challenges, most sites
are easily identifiable during vegetation or rain.