第八周-显示占用系统内存最多的进程，并排序

最新推荐文章于 2026-08-14 09:21:59 发布

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本文详细介绍如何在Linux系统中监控内存使用情况，通过编写Shell脚本实现网络连通性检查，设置定时备份任务，以及自动化磁盘空间预警机制。通过具体示例，展示如何利用ps、ping、crontab等工具进行系统管理和维护。

1、显示占用系统内存最多的进程，并排序

以下几种写法都可以：
ps aux --sort=-%mem 
ps aux --sort=-rss
ps aux --sort=-rssize
ps aux --sort=-rsz
ps aux | sort -k4nr
------------------------------------------------------------
[root@centos6 ~]# ps aux --sort -rss |head -5
USER        PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root      28743  0.0  0.4  98008  4112 ?        Ss   08:55   0:03 sshd: root@pts/0,pts/1,pts/2
postfix   41028  0.0  0.3  81092  3440 ?        S    18:52   0:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u
root      28747  0.0  0.2 108396  2040 pts/0    Ss   08:55   0:01 -bash
root      28766  0.0  0.1 108320  1948 pts/1    Ss+  08:56   0:00 -bash

[root@centos6 ~]# ps aux |sort -k4nr |head -5
root      28743  0.0  0.4  98008  4112 ?        Ss   08:55   0:03 sshd: root@pts/0,pts/1,pts/2
postfix   41028  0.0  0.3  81092  3440 ?        S    18:52   0:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u
root      28747  0.0  0.2 108396  2040 pts/0    Ss   08:55   0:01 -bash
postfix    1301  0.0  0.1  81260  1188 ?        S    Mar07   0:00 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
root       1302  0.0  0.1 116916  1056 ?        Ss   Mar07   0:01 crond

2、编写脚本，使用for和while分别实现192.168.0.0/24网段内，地址是否能够ping通，若ping通则输出"success!"，若ping不通则输出"fail!"
for循环：

[root@centos6 data]# vim ip_activeck_for.sh 
#!/bin/bash
NETID=192.168.0.
for HOSTID in {1..254};do
{
	if /bin/ping -c1 -W1 $NETID$HOSTID >/dev/null ;then
		echo "$NETID$HOSTID is up."
	else
		echo "$NETID$HOSTID is down."
	fi
} &   ###并发执行
done 
wait

[root@centos6 data]# chmod +x ip_activeck_for.sh
[root@centos6 data]# sh ip_activeck_for.sh 
192.168.0.5 is down.
192.168.0.6 is down.
192.168.0.7 is down.
192.168.0.8 is down.
192.168.0.9 is down.
...
192.168.0.250 is down.
192.168.0.253 is down.
192.168.0.254 is down.

while循环：

生成要扫描的IP列表：
[root@centos6 data]# echo 192.168.0.{1..254} |tr -s " " "\n" > ip.txt

[root@centos6 data]# vim ip_activeck_while.sh 
#!/bin/bash
while read ip;do
{
	/bin/ping -c1 -W1 $ip >/dev/null
	if [ $? -eq "0" ];then
		echo "$ip is up."
	else
		echo "$ip is down."
	fi
} & 
done </data/ip.txt
wait

[root@centos6 data]# chmod +x ip_activeck_while.sh
[root@centos6 data]# sh ip_activeck_while.sh 
192.168.0.2 is down.
192.168.0.3 is down.
192.168.0.4 is down.
192.168.0.1 is down.
...
192.168.0.248 is down.
192.168.0.251 is down.
192.168.0.250 is down.

3、每周的周日1:30，将/etc备份至/backup目录中，保存的文件名称格式为“etcbak-yyyy-mm-dd-HH.tar.xz”，其中日期是前一天的时间

创建脚本：etc_bakcup.sh
[root@centos6 data]# vim etc_backup.sh 
#!/bin/bash
[ -d /backup ] || mkdir /backup
rpm -q xz >/dev/null
[ $? -eq 0 ] || yum -y install xz >/dev/null
DATEFORMAT=`date -d yesterday "+%Y-%m-%d-%H"`
tar -cf /backup/etcbak-$DATEFORMAT.tar /etc > /dev/null && xz -z /backup/etcbak-$DATEFORMAT.tar

[root@centos6 data]# chmod +x etc_backup.sh
[root@centos6 data]# vim /etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
HOME=/

# For details see man 4 crontabs

# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# |  .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# |  |  .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# |  |  |  .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# |  |  |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# |  |  |  |  |
# *  *  *  *  * user-name command to be executed
30 1 * * 0 root sh /data/etc_backup.sh &>/dev/null

4、工作日时间，每10分钟执行一次磁盘空间检查，一旦发现任何分区利用率高于80%，就发送邮件报警

[root@centos6 data]# vim disk_check.sh 
#!/bin/bash
#取分区使用率的最大值
#sed方法
#Usage_Rate=`df |sed -nr "/\/dev\/sda/s#.* +([0-9]+)% .*#\1#p" |sort -nr |head -1`
#awk方法
Usage_Rate=`df |awk -F '[ %]+' 'BEGIN{max = 0}{if ($5+0 > max) max=$5} END {print max}'`
#取使用率最大分区名
Partition_Name=`df |grep "$Usage_Rate%" |cut -d" " -f1`
if [ $Usage_Rate -gt 80 ];then
	echo -e "Warning!!! \n $Partition_Name's avaliable space is less than 20%" |mail -s Warning root
fi

[root@centos6 data]# chmod +x disk_check.sh
[root@centos6 data]# vim /etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
HOME=/

# For details see man 4 crontabs

# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# |  .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# |  |  .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# |  |  |  .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# |  |  |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# |  |  |  |  |
# *  *  *  *  * user-name command to be executed
*/10 * * * 1-5 root sh /data/disk_check.sh &>/dev/null

为了测试效果，在/boot分区下创建文件，将/boot分区使用率超过80%

[root@centos6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2       9.5G  866M  8.2G  10% /
tmpfs           490M     0  490M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1       190M   31M  150M  17% /boot
/dev/sda5       7.8G   19M  7.4G   1% /data

[root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/bigfile bs=1M count=130
130+0 records in
130+0 records out
136314880 bytes (136 MB) copied, 3.09203 s, 44.1 MB/s

[root@centos6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2       9.5G  866M  8.2G  10% /
tmpfs           490M     0  490M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1       190M  161M   20M  90% /boot
/dev/sda5       7.8G   19M  7.4G   1% /data

更改计划任务的检测时间为1分钟

[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/crontab
*/1 * * * 1-5 root sh /data/disk_check.sh &>/dev/null

检查计划任务日志，检查邮件

[root@centos6 ~]# tail /var/log/cron
Mar  9 22:00:01 centos6 crond[42597]: (*system*) RELOAD (/etc/crontab)
Mar  9 22:00:01 centos6 CROND[42689]: (root) CMD (sh /data/disk_check.sh &>/dev/null )
Mar  9 22:01:01 centos6 CROND[42712]: (root) CMD (sh /data/disk_check.sh &>/dev/null )
Mar  9 22:01:01 centos6 CROND[42711]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Mar  9 22:01:02 centos6 run-parts(/etc/cron.hourly)[42711]: starting 0anacron
Mar  9 22:01:02 centos6 anacron[42736]: Anacron started on 2020-03-09
Mar  9 22:01:02 centos6 run-parts(/etc/cron.hourly)[42738]: finished 0anacron
Mar  9 22:01:02 centos6 anacron[42736]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Mar  9 22:01:02 centos6 anacron[42736]: Normal exit (0 jobs run)
Mar  9 22:02:01 centos6 CROND[42743]: (root) CMD (sh /data/disk_check.sh &>/dev/null )
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@centos6 ~]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.4 7/29/08.  Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 7 messages 3 new 7 unread
 U  1 root                  Mon Mar  9 21:56  20/652   "Warning"
 U  2 root                  Mon Mar  9 21:57  20/652   "Warning"
 U  3 root                  Mon Mar  9 21:58  20/652   "Warning"
 U  4 root                  Mon Mar  9 21:59  20/652   "Warning"
>N  5 root                  Mon Mar  9 22:00  19/642   "Warning"
 N  6 root                  Mon Mar  9 22:01  19/642   "Warning"
 N  7 root                  Mon Mar  9 22:02  19/642   "Warning"
& 7
Message  7:
From root@centos6.localdomain  Mon Mar  9 22:02:01 2020
Return-Path: <root@centos6.localdomain>
X-Original-To: root
Delivered-To: root@centos6.localdomain
Date: Mon, 09 Mar 2020 22:02:01 +0800
To: root@centos6.localdomain
Subject: Warning
User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.4 7/29/08
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
From: root@centos6.localdomain (root)
Status: R

Warning!!! 
 /dev/sda1's avaliable space is less than 20%