一、实验目的
3.1–SQL的视图功能
- 理解视图的作用,并能根据实际需求用SQL创建视图
- 对基本表按需定义视图,并理解可以通过视图实现对基本表的操作
3.2–游标操作
- 通过ORACLE环境下的游标操作,理解SQL的游标概念
- 综合应用SQL的DML命令,通过游标操作数据库
二、实验内容
3.1–SQL的视图功能代码实现
/*一、用create view语句定义视图*/
--<1> 建立信息系学生的视图,然后向其中插入一计算机学生数据,分别查看视图和基本表
drop view is_student;
create view is_student as select * from student where sdept = 'is';
insert into is_student values('s8', 'ssn8', 'f', 20, 'cs');
select * from student;
select * from is_student;
delete from student where sno = 's8'; --执行完就把加入的数据删掉,防止再次运行出现bug
--<2> 建立信息系学生的视图,并要求修改和插入操作时仍需保证该视图只有信息系的学生
--,然后插入一计算机学生的数据
drop view is_student2;
create view is_student2 as select * from student where sdept = 'is'
with check option;
insert into is_student2 values('s8', 'ssn8', 'f', 20, 'cs');
select * from student;
select * from is_student2;
delete from student where sno = 's8'; --执行完就把加入的数据删掉,防止再次运行出现bug
--<3> 建立信息系选修了一号课程并且成绩在90分以上的学生的视图
drop view is_c1_ber;
create view is_c1_ber as select * from sc where cno = 'c01' and grade > 90
and sno in(select sno from student where sdept = 'is');
select * from is_c1_ber;
--<4>将学生的学号及他的平均成绩定义为一个视图S-G
select * from sc;
drop view st_avg;
create view st_avg(sno, gavg) as select sno, avg(grade) from sc group by sno;
select * from st_avg;
--<5>在sc中成绩在相应科目平均成绩之上的元组定义成一个视图GOOD-SC
drop view good_sc;
drop view cno_avg;
create view cno_avg(cno, g_avg) as select cno, avg(grade) from sc group by cno;
--过渡表,用来存储各课程的平均成绩
select * from cno_avg;
create view good_sc as select sc.sno, sc.cno, sc.grade from sc, cno_avg
where sc.cno = cno_avg.cno and grade > g_avg;
select * from good_sc;
/*二、通过视图对基本表进行操作*/
--<1>在信息系学生的视图中找出年龄小于20岁的学生
select * from is_student where sage < 20;
--<2>查询信息系选修了一号课程且成绩在90分以上的学生
select * from is_c1_ber where cno = 'c01' and grade > 90;
--<3>在S-G视图中查询平均成绩在90分以上的学生学号和平均成绩
select sno, gavg from st_avg where gavg > 90;
--<4>创建CS-KC视图,包括计算机专业各学生的学号、其选修的课程号及成绩(保证对该视
--图的修改都要符合专业名为‘计算机’这个条件)
drop view CS_KC;
create view CS_KC as select * from sc where sno in
(select sno from student where sdept = 'cs') with check OPTION;
select * from CS_KC;
--<5>查找计算机专业的学生学号和选修的课程号
select sno, cno from CS_KC;
--<6>向S-G视图中插入一元组(操作结果如何?解释)
insert into st_avg values('s8', 85);
select * from st_avg;
3.2–游标操作代码实现
/*<1>从员工表中取出某一部门的员工姓名和工资,存入TEMP表中*/
drop table temp;
create table temp(
fname varchar(20),
lname varchar(25),
sal number(8,2)
);
--①用简单循环控制(例一)
declare
v_deptno employees.department_id%type:=&p_deptno;
v_fname employees.first_name%type;
v_lname employees.last_name%type;
v_sal employees.salary%type;
cursor c_fls is select first_name,last_name,salary
from employees where department_id=v_deptno;
begin
open c_fls;
loop
fetch c_fls into v_fname,v_lname,v_sal;
exit when c_fls % notfound ;
insert into temp values (v_fname,v_lname,v_sal);
end loop;
close c_fls;
commit;
end;
select * from temp;
--②用游标的for循环(例二)
declare
v_deptno employees.department_id%type:=&p_deptno;
cursor c_cour is select first_name, last_name, salary
from employees where department_id=v_deptno;
begin
for c_record in c_cour loop
insert into temp
values(c_record.first_name, c_record.last_name, c_record.salary);
end loop;
commit;
end;
select * from temp;
/*<2>查询employees表某部门的雇员情况,如果某雇员的工资小于800,则将其工资设为800(例四)*/
declare
v_deptno employees.department_id%type:=&p_deptno;
cursor c_cur is select employee_id, job_id, salary from employees
where department_id=v_deptno for update of salary;
begin
for c_record in c_cur loop
if c_record.salary < 800 then
update employees set salary = 800 where current of c_cur;
end if;
end loop;
commit;
end;
/*<3>为职工长10%的工资,从最低工资开始长,最后工资总额限制在50万元以内(例五)*/
declare
cursor cur is select employee_id, salary from employees
order by salary for update of salary;
per_sal employees.salary%type;
sum_sal employees.salary%type;
per_id employees.employee_id%type;
begin
open cur;
select sum(salary) into sum_sal from employees;
while sum_sal < 500000 loop
fetch cur into per_id, per_sal;
exit when cur % notfound;
update employees set salary = salary*1.1 where current of cur;
sum_sal:= sum_sal + per_sal*0.1;
end loop;
close cur;
commit;
end;
/*<1>将每个学生学科中的最高分对应的数据存入scmax表中*/
drop table scmax;
create table scmax(
msno char(5),
mcno char(3),
mgrade number(3,0)
);
declare
c_sno sc.sno%TYPE;
c_cno sc.cno%type;
c_gra sc.grade%type;
cursor c_sc is select * from sc where grade in
(select max(grade) from sc scx group by sno having scx.sno=sc.sno);
begin
open c_sc;
loop
fetch c_sc into c_sno, c_cno, c_gra;
exit when c_sc % notfound;
insert into scmax values(c_sno, c_cno, c_gra);
end loop;
close c_sc;
commit;
end;
/*<2>对于学生选课表sc,创建相同的结构的新表sc1,并将sc数据全部加入到sc1,
然后通过游标对sc1表进行更新:成绩为:80~100 更新为5;60~80 更新为3;低于60分更新为0;*/
drop table sc1;
create table sc1(
sno char(5),
cno char(3),
grade number(3,0)
);
declare
sn sc.sno%type;
cn sc.cno%type;
gr sc.grade%type;
cursor c_s is select sno, cno, grade from sc for update of grade;
begin
open c_s;
loop
fetch c_s into sn, cn, gr;
exit when c_s % notfound;
if gr >= 80 and gr < 100 then
insert into sc1 values(sn,cn,5);
end if;
if gr >= 60 and gr < 80 then
insert into sc1 values(sn,cn,3);
end if;
if gr < 60 and gr > 0 then
insert into sc1 values(sn,cn,0);
end if;
end loop;
commit;
end;
三、实验反思
1、执行create view语句时显示权限不足
执行该语句的用户的权限不足,需要用管理员(system用户)给该用户赋予权限
--创建视图权限(单有这句无法成功)
grant create view to user_name;
--授予查询权限
grant select any table to user_name;
--授予权限
grant select any dictionary to user_name;
2、创建view时加不加with check option的区别:
<1>不加with check option:
create view v_stu1 as select * from student where sdept = 'is';
insert into v_stu1 values('s8', 'ssn8', 'f', 20, 'cs');
select * from student;
select * from v_stu1;
此时显示加入成功
<2>加with check option:
create view v_stu2 as select * from student where sdept = 'is'
with check option;
insert into v_stu2 values('s8', 'ssn8', 'f', 20, 'cs');
select * from student;
select * from v_stu2;
此时显示
ORA-01402: 视图 WITH CHECK OPTIDN where 子句违规
说明,加了with check option后,对创建的view进行了限制,后续对该视图的操作需要满足该视图的谓词条件。
3、对于定义view说明字段的问题
在第一部分第(4)题,代码
create view fvi4 as select sno, avg(grade) from sc group by sno;
此时运行会出现:
ORA-00998: must name this expression with a column alias
以我的理解,视图的创建默认是和后面的select基于的表的字段一样,又取决于select的信息,对于本题,select 得到的信息和表的字段不一样,所以在创建过程中就会报错。
解决方案是在视图名字后面声明字段:
create view fvi4(sno, gavg) as select sno, avg(grade) from sc group by sno;
4、对于视图的数据更新问题
第三部分第(6)题,插入元组如下:
insert into st_avg values('s8', 85);
会出现:
SQL 错误: ORA-01733: 此处不允许虚拟列
01733. 00000 - "virtual column not allowed here"
由此,视图中的数据更新,能且仅能当该视图为简单视图(即为表中数据的简单查询);
如果视图中出现以下情况时,视图不可更新。
(1)聚合函数;
(2)DISTINCT关键字;
(3)GROUP BY子句;
(4)ORDER BY子句;
(5)HAVING子句;
(6)UNION运算符;
(7)位于选择列表中的子查询;
(8)FROM子句中包含多个表;
(9)SELECT语句中引用了不可更新视图;
(10)WHERE子句中的子查询,引用FROM子句中的表;
(11)ALGORITHM 选项指定为TEMPTABLE(使用临时表总会使视图成为不可更新的)
5、PL/SQL问题(待解决)
在进行例一时,发现总会遇到这样的错误:
ORA-06550: 第 18 行, 第 1 列:
PLS-00103: 出现符号 "SELECT"
06550. 00000 - "line %s, column %s:\n%s"
其代码如下:
--例1:用简单循环控制从员工表中取出某一部门的员工姓名和工资,存入TEMP表中
drop table temp;
create table temp(
fname varchar(20),
lname varchar(25),
sal number(8,2)
);
declare
v_deptno employees.department_id%type:=&p_deptno;
v_fname employees.first_name%type;
v_lname employees.last_name%type;
v_sal employees.salary%type;
cursor c_fls is select first_name,last_name,salary
from employees where department_id=v_deptno;
begin
open c_fls;
loop
fetch c_fls into v_fname,v_lname,v_sal;
exit when c_fls % notfound ;
insert into temp values (v_fname,v_lname,v_sal);
end loop;
close c_fls;
commit;
end;
select * from temp;
经过百度和询问后,发现是PL/SQL的问题。(PL/SQL是一种程序语言,叫做过程化SQL语言)。
PL/SQL程序都是以块(block)为基本单位,整个PL/SQL块分三部分:声明部分(用declare开头)、执行部分(以 begin开头)和异常处理部分(以exception开头)。在执行部分(从begin到end)中,不能使用单纯的select,要使用select into语句。
目前的解决办法是:保证select和之前的语句不同时执行。
6、SQL中的分支语句
①if–else分支语句
if status 1 then
[begin]
code 1;
[end]
else
[begin]
code 2;
[end]
end if;
②case–when分支语句
case x
when a then b
when A then B
……
else code 1;
end case;
7、select from与select into from与insert into select语句区别
①select from语句
select value1, value2 from table;
此语句是查询语句,执行时要求要查询的表和值均要存在。如果表和值不存在会报错。
②select into from
select value1,value2 into table2 from table1;
此语句常用来复制表结构和表中数据,相比于select from语句,不仅仅是查询,还多了建立表的过程。执行时要求目标表(table2)不存在,因为该语句会自动创建一个表。
③insert into select
insert into table2(field1,field2,...) select value1,value2,... from table1;
此语句也用来复制表结构和表中数据。此语句在执行时要求目标表(table2)存在,并且相应字段(field1,field2……)也存在;还要注意Table2的主键约束,如果Table2有主键且不为空,则 field1, field2…中必须包括主键。

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