陶哲轩实分析（上）8.3及习题-Analysis I 8.3

这一节主要说不可数集合的问题。

Exericse 8.3.1

If $n=0$ then $X=\varnothing$ and the only element in $2^X$ is $\varnothing$, so the cardinality of $2^X$ is $2^0=1$.
Now suppose the statement holds for $n$, let $X$ be a finite set of cardinality $n+1$, since $n+1\ge 1,X\ne \varnothing$, so choose $x\in X$, then set X\{ x}X\backslash \{x\}X\{ x} has cardinality $n$, and 2X\{ x}2^{X\backslash \{x\}}2X\{ x} has cardinality $2^n$. For any set S∈2X\2X\{ x}S∈2^X \backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}}S∈2X\2X\{ x}, $S$ is a subset of $X$ which contains $x$. Thus we can see that
∀S′∈2X\{ x}⇒S′∪{ x}∈2X\2X\{ x}∀S'∈2^{X\backslash \{x\}} ⇒S'∪\{x\}∈2^X\backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}}∀S′∈2X\{ x}⇒S′∪{ x}∈2X\2X\{ x}
And the converse is also true, thus the cardinality of 2X\{ x}2^{X\backslash \{x\}}2X\{ x} equals the cardinality of 2X\2X\{ x}2^X\backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}}2X\2X\{ x}, then we have 2X\2X\{ x}2^X\backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}}2X\2X\{ x} has cardinality $n$. Finally, from
2X\{ x}∪2X\2X\{ x}=2X2^{X\backslash \{x\}}∪2^X\backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}}=2^X2X\{ x}∪2X\2X\{ x}=2X
and
2X\{ x}∩2X\2X\{ x}=∅2^{X\backslash \{x\}}\cap2^X\backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}}=∅2X\{ x}∩2X\2X\{ x}=∅
we have
#(2X)=#(2X\{ x})+#(2X\2X\{ x})=2n+2n=2n+1\#(2^X)=\#(2^{X\backslash \{x\}} )+\#(2^X\backslash 2^{X\backslash \{x\}} )=2^n+2^n=2^{n+1}#(2X)=#(2X\{ x})+#(2X\2X\{ x})=2n+2n=2n+1

Exercise 8.3.2

We can see that D0∩A=∅,Di⊆A,∀i≥1D_0∩A=∅,D_i⊆A,∀i≥1D0​∩A=∅,D