本文详细介绍了KVM(Kernel-Based Virtual Machine)虚拟化技术，包括全虚拟化与半虚拟化的概念，KVM的工作原理，以及如何在CentOS7上部署KVM。内容涵盖KVM的安装、网络配置、Web管理界面webvirtmgr的安装与配置，以及使用过程中遇到的问题，如过多打开文件错误的解决方法。
文章目录
1. kvm介绍
虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说，虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机，虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源，但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。
物理机我们一般称为宿主机（Host），宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机（Guest）。
那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化，并提供给 Guest 使用的呢？
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。
根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置，虚拟化又分为两种：
- 全虚拟化
- 半虚拟化
全虚拟化：
Hypervisor 直接安装在物理机上，多个虚拟机在 Hypervisor 上运行。Hypervisor 实现方式一般是一个特殊定制的 Linux 系统。Xen 和 VMWare 的 ESXi 都属于这个类型
半虚拟化：
物理机上首先安装常规的操作系统，比如 Redhat、Ubuntu 和 Windows。Hypervisor 作为 OS 上的一个程序模块运行，并对管理虚拟机进行管理。KVM、VirtualBox 和 VMWare Workstation 都属于这个类型
总结：
- 全虚拟化性能更好 因为不需要用kvm做底层
- 半虚拟化因为基于普通的操作系统，会比较灵活，比如支持虚拟机嵌套。嵌套意味着可以在KVM虚拟机中再运行KVM。
2. kvm介绍
kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko，只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。
那 IO 的虚拟化，比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
作为一个 Hypervisor，KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。
其实，Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor，还能管理 Xen，VirtualBox 等。4
Libvirt 包含 3 个东西：后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
- libvirtd是服务程序，接收和处理 API 请求；
- API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具，比如 virt-manager，这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具；
- virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
3. kvm部署
| 系统类型 | ip |
|---|---|
| centos7 | 192.168.220.40 |
3.1kvm安装
部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况：
- 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
- 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
勾选处理器内的虚拟化引擎
无论三个还是两个都要勾上
#关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
#验证CPU是否支持KVM；如果结果中有vmx（Intel）或svm(AMD)字样，就说明CPU的支持的
[root@localhost ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
# kvm安装
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-tools qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
# 因为虚拟机中网络，我们一般都是和公司的其他服务器是同一个网段，所以我们需要把KVM服务器的网卡配置成桥接模式。这样的话KVM的虚拟机就可以通过该桥接网卡和公司内部其他服务器处于同一网段
# 此处我的网卡是ens33，所以用br0来桥接ens33网卡
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0
NM_CONTROLLED=no
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE=Bridge
DEVICE=br0
NM_CONTROLLED=no
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.220.40
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.220.2
DNS1=114.114.114.114
#重启网卡
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:da:70:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feda:7004/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:da:70:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.220.40/24 brd 192.168.220.255 scope global br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feda:7004/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
#启动服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
# 验证安装结果
[root@localhost ~]# lsmod|grep kvm
kvm_amd 2177260 0
kvm 621480 1 kvm_amd
irqbypass 13503 1 kvm
#测试并验证安装结果
[root@localhost ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
Id 名称 状态
----------------------------------------------------
[root@localhost ~]# virsh --version
4.5.0
[root@localhost ~]# virt-install --version
1.5.0
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 8月 21 10:02 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
[root@localhost ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_amd 2177260 0
kvm 621480 1 kvm_amd
irqbypass 13503 1 kvm
# 查看网桥信息
[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c29da7004 no ens33
virbr0 8000.5254007d2573 yes virbr0-nic
3.2kvm web管理界面安装
kvm 的 web 管理界面是由 webvirtmgr 程序提供的
# 安装依赖包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install epel-release //先安装epel
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install git python-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-websockify supervisor nginx python-devel
# 从github上下载并安装webvirtmgr
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@localhost src]# git clone https://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
正克隆到 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
接收对象中: 100% (5614/5614), 2.97 MiB | 83.00 KiB/s, done.
处理 delta 中: 100% (3606/3606), done.
[root@localhost src]# ls
webvirtmgr
#安装webvirtmgr
[root@localhost src]# cd webvirtmgr/
[root@localhost webvirtmgr]# pip install -r requirements.txt -i http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/ --trusted-host mirrors.aliyun.com
#..跳过安装过程
Successfully installed django-1.5.5 gunicorn-19.5.0 lockfile-0.12.2 //看到这个为安装成功
# 检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@localhost src]# python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Jun 28 2022, 15:30:04)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()
如果安装webvirtmgr失败可以尝试下面链接的方法
跳转链接
初始化账号信息
[root@localhost src]# cd webvirtmgr/
[root@localhost webvirtmgr]# python manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes //输入yes
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): //默认用户为root也可以自己设置
Email address: 1@2.com //邮箱
Password: //密码
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /var/www
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr /var/www/
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr/
配置免密登陆
于这里webvirtmgr和kvm服务部署在同一台机器，所以这里本地信任。如果kvm部署在其他机器，那么这个是它的ip
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:Ltth2/pvVl6K/rJp0GsESmTnW99K25+DK0vTRUEzs24 root@localhost.localdomain
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| .* |
| o . *|
| o o o |
| . o . o |
| .S. = . E |
| .. o + * o|
| . + = B.* |
| = +..Xo=.o|
| . +ooOB=o.+|
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.220.40
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.220.40 (192.168.220.40)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:SSSKPjK1SN71qDaRiy7JhA8UQzZwn2g+Ro08E+ndgJI.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:b7:4e:d1:85:5e:41:ad:a2:c0:5a:d3:5c:c5:53:d8:6f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.220.40's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.220.40'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
配置端口转发
[root@localhost ~]# ssh 192.168.220.40 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Sun Aug 21 09:50:53 2022 from 192.168.220.1
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 [::1]:25 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:6080 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:8000 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
配置nginx
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
}
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
确保bind绑定的是本机的8000端口
[root@localhost ~]# vim /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
ind = '0.0.0.0:8000' //确保此处绑定的是本机的8000端口，这个在nginx配置中定义了，被代理的端口
backlog = 2048
重启nginx
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
设置supervisor
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf //在文件末尾添加 后面配置
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx
启动supervisor并设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now supervisord
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 [::1]:25 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:6080 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:8000 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
配置nginx用户
[root@localhost ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
-bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:sQaPz+cIwGTczgjl6nOdSHLlaUFWdrnmyNfmJiVImvo nginx@localhost.localdomain
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| . o.o .. |
| + + . .. |
| . = = . . |
| * * *.oo |
| o * B=S= . |
| . + =o=+ + + |
| o o.+ o..= |
| o. . +. o |
| .E . .o |
+----[SHA256]-----+
-bash-4.2$ touch ~/.ssh/config && echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.220.40
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.220.40' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.220.40's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.220.40'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
-bash-4.2$ exit
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R root.root /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
# 重启可能会卡住一直重复 解决办法在文档的最后
3.3kvm web界面管理
3.3.1kvm连接管理
创建ssh连接
3.3.2kvm存储管理
创建存储
把镜像传到目录内
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/lib/libvirt/images
[root@localhost images]# ls
CentOS-Stream-8-x86_64-latest-dvd1.iso
刷新页面
创建系统安装镜像
3.3.3 kvm网络管理
添加桥接网络
3.3.4 实例管理
虚拟机插入光盘
设置在 web 上访问虚拟机的密码
启动虚拟机
返回主页
等待
等待完成后进入正常安装界面
4 问题
4.1第一次通过web访问kvm时可能会一直访问不了，一直转圈，而命令行界面一直报错(too many open files)
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 655350; //添加此行
- 对系统参数进行设置
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
# End of file
* soft nofile 655350
* hard nofile 655350
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