Dispersion of Light- Aren't rainbows beautiful? Have you ever wondered how a rainbow comes to be? It is a basic physics phenomenon known as light dispersion. So, what exactly is light dispersion?
When white light is transmitted through a prism, it is split into seven component colors. A prism is a transparent optical device with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. Refraction of light refers to the change in the direction of propagation of light as it passes through a different medium.
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What is Refraction of Light?
When a light goes from one medium to another, the speed at which it propagates changes, and it bends or refracts as a result. This phenomenon of bending of light is known as refraction of light.
The wavelengths of different colors in the spectrum of light are varied. As a result, the rate at which they bend varies depending on the wavelength, with violet bending the most due to its shortest wavelength and red bending the least due to its longest wavelength. When white light is refracted via a prism, it disperses into its spectrum of colors as a result of this.
In other words, when white light is transmitted through a prism, it is split into seven component colors. A prism is a transparent optical device with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. Refraction of light refers to the change in the direction of propagation of light as it passes through a different medium.
What is Dispersion of Light?
When light passes through a prism, it is separated into distinct color components. This is referred to as light dispersion. A prism is a transparent glass with two flat surfaces that are angled at an angle. A white light beam is divided into seven hues by a prism: violet, indigo blue, green, yellow orange, and red. The band of colors scattered by light entering a glass prism is referred to as the spectrum.
When white light passes through a glass prism, it separates into its spectrum of seven colors (in order violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red), a process known as Dispersion.
Causes of Dispersion
- Because each colors' light has distinct wavelengths, white light disperses into seven colors. Red light has the longest wavelength in this range of seven colors, while violet light has the shortest.
- In a vacuum, all colors of light travel at the same speed. However, in any transparent material, such as glass or water, various colors of light move at different rates.
- Various colors' lights bend through different angles due to differences in their velocity. Red light travels the fastest through any transparent medium, whereas violet light travels the slowest.
- As a result, red light bends the least while violet light bends the most.
- Thus, the dispersion of white light into seven colors happens when various colored photons bend at different angles while passing through a glass prism.
Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
When white light passes through a glass prism, it splits into its seven constituent colors, which is known as dispersion of white light. Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red are among the colors visible. The color sequence is remembered as VIBGYOR. The spectrum is a grouping of seven colors. With respect to the incidence angle, each component color of light bends at a different angle. Violet light bends the least, whereas red light bends the most.
- White light is made up of seven different colors, including violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
- Monochromatic light is defined as light that has only one color or wavelength, for example, sodium light.
- Polychromatic light is defined as light that has more than two colors or wavelengths, such as white light.
Prism Experiment
Newton was the first to experiment with light flowing through a prism. He allowed sunlight to pass through the prism, expecting to see white light on the other side of the screen, but instead saw the spectrum of light after dispersion. He had a little intuition about the relevance of this, but he choose to do something else to prove it.
By adjusting the size of the intake, he was able to enable just one color (and hence only one wavelength of light) to flow through the prism. Obviously, the light ray was refracted and did not disperse farther.
As a result, he recognized that various colors of the light spectrum bend differently because they have distinct wavelengths. He discovered that violet bent the most and red bent the least due to their shorter and longer wavelengths, respectively.
Check: Scattering of Light
Visible Light Spectrum
In fact, light disperses into its color spectrum in a glass slab as well. We can notice this if we look at it in a specific manner. Before we begin, you should be familiar with refractive indices. They are not consistent.
They differ according to the frequency of light and hence the wavelength. White light is refracted twice as it passes through a glass slab or a glass prism. It goes from air to glass and then back to air. It slows down at the first occurrence of refraction and accelerates up at the second.
So, what occurs in a slab of glass? Because both surfaces are parallel, all light rays slow down and accelerate at the same pace. As a result, it seems to an onlooker that white light has entered and exited the slab. In a prism, however, the situation is different. Because the surfaces are not parallel to each other, the light rays emanating from the prism eventually travel a route that is distinct from one other, resulting in a scattered effect.
Rainbow
A rainbow is an example of white light dispersion. A high number of tiny droplets of water remain hanging in the air shortly after the rain. Each drop functions as a tiny prism. When sunlight strikes these droplets, the white light divides into seven distinct colors. A continuous band of seven colors is formed by the scattered light from a huge number of droplets. Rainbow is the name given to this colored band.
As a result of the dispersion of white light by tiny droplets hanging in the air after the shower, a rainbow is formed.
When the sun is behind the viewer, the rainbow appears.
Atmospheric Refraction
Atmospheric Refraction is the refraction of light induced by the Earth's atmosphere (which consists of air layers with differing optical densities).
The following examples illustrate the case of atmospheric refractions:
Position of Star
The temperature and density of the atmosphere's many layers are constantly changing. As a result, we have a variety of media. A distant star serves as a light source. When starlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, it experiences constant refraction as the refractive index changes from rarer to denser. It slants in the direction of normalcy. As a result, the star's apparent position differs from its true position.
Twinkling of Star
Atmospheric refraction is partly to blame. The light from a distant star is concentrated at a single point. Because the physical condition of the Earth's atmosphere is not stationary, the apparent position of the star changes when the beam of starlight deviates from its course. As a result, the amount of light entering our eyes varies, being bright at times and faint at others. This is referred to as the Star Twinkling Effect.