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Pitse ya naga

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Dipitse tsa naga (

Dipitse tsa naga ke difudi tse di fulang thata mme di ka tshela ka dimela tsa boleng jo bo kwa tlase. Di jewa thata ke ditau, mme ka tlwaelo di a tshaba fa di tshosediwa mme gape di a loma le go raga. Mefuta ya dipitse tsa naga e farologana ka maitsholo a loago, ka dipitse tsa naga tsa dithota le tsa dithaba tse di nnang mo di-harem tse di tlhomameng tse di nang le monna kgotsa stallion e e godileng, ditshegadi di le mmalwa tse di godileng kgotsa dipitse tse di namagadi, le bana ba tsona kgotsa dinamane; fa pitse ya naga ya ga Grévy e nna e le nosi kgotsa e le metlhape e e amanang ka tsela e e sa gagamalang. Mo mefuteng e e tsholang harem, ditshegadi tse di godileng di nyalana fela le pitse ya tsona ya harem, fa dipitse tsa naga tsa Grévy tse ditonanyana di tlhoma mafelo a a gogelang ditshegadi mme mofuta o o tlhakanela dikobo. Dipitse tsa naga di buisana ka mantswe a a farologaneng, go ema ga mmele le dipopego tsa sefatlhego. Go ipaakanya mo setšhabeng go nonotsha dikgolagano tsa setšhaba mo dipitse tsa naga tsa dithota le tsa dithaba.

Methalo e e tlhomologileng ya dipitse tsa naga e dira gore e nne nngwe ya diamusi tse di lemotshegang thata. Di ile tsa tlhagisiwa mo botaking le mo dikgannyeng mo Aforika le kwa dinageng tse dingwe. Go ya ka hisitori, di ntse di batliwa thata ke batho ba ba kokoanyang diphologolo tse di sa tlwaelegang, mme go farologana le dipitse le ditonki, dipitse tsa naga ga di ise di ko di ruiwe ka botlalo. Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Tshomarelo ya Tlhago (IUCN) o kwadile pitse ya naga ya Grévy jaaka e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela, pitse ya naga ya dithaba jaaka e e mo kotsing mme pitse ya naga ya dipoa jaaka e e gaufi le go nyelela. Quagga (E. quagga quagga), mofuta wa pitse ya naga ya dipoa, e ne ya kgweediwa go nyelela mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipitse tsa naga di ka fitlhelwa mo mafelong a le mantsi a a sireleditsweng.

Thuto ya mafoko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Leina la Seesemane "zebra" le tswa mo Sentadianeng, Sepanishe kgotsa Sepotokisi.[1][2] Tshimologo ya yona e ka tswa e le mo Selatineng equiferus, e e kayang "pitse ya naga". Go lebega Equiferus e ne ya tsena mo Sepotokisi e le ezebro kgotsa zebro, e kwa tshimologong e neng e dirisediwa pitse e e sa itsegeng e e neng ya begwa kwa nageng ya Setlhaketlhake sa Iberia ka Metlha ya Bogare. Ka 1591, motlhotlhomisi wa Mo-Italy Filippo Pigafetta o ne a kwala gore "pitse ya naga" e ne e dirisiwa go kaya diphologolo tsa Aforika ke baeng ba Mapotokisi mo kontinenteng.[3] Mo metlheng ya bogologolo, pitse ya naga e ne e bidiwa hippotigris ("nkwe ya pitse") ke Bagerika le Baroma.[1] [ 6 ]

Lefoko zebra ka tlwaelo le ne le bidiwa ka tumanosi e telele ya ntlha, mme mo tsamaong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga go bitsa ka tumanosi e khutshwane ya ntlha go ne ga nna tlwaelo mo Seesemaneng sa Borithane.[1] Go bitsa mafoko ka tumanosi e telele ya tshimologo go nna go tlwaelegile mo Seesemaneng sa Amerika.[2]

Thulaganyo ya ditshedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Page Module:Hatnote/styles.css has no content.Dipitse tsa naga di arogantswe mo mofuteng wa Equus (o o itsegeng jaaka dipitse) mmogo le dipitse le diesele. Ditlhopha tse tharo tse ke tsona fela tse di tshelang tsa lelapa la Equidae.[1] Dipitse tsa naga tsa dithota le dipitse tsa naga tsa dithaba ka tlwaelo di ne di bewa mo mofuteng o monnye wa Hippotigris (C. H. Smith, 1841) go farologana le pitse ya naga ya Grévy e e neng e tsewa e le yona fela mofuta wa mofuta o monnye wa Dolichohippus (Heller, 1912).[2][3][4] Groves le Bell (2004) ba beile mefuta yotlhe e meraro mo mofuteng o monnye wa Hippotigris.[5] Thutopatlisiso ya phylogenetic ya 2013 e fitlhetse gore dipitse tsa naga tsa dithota di amana thata le dipitse tsa naga tsa Grévy go feta dipitse tsa naga tsa dithaba.[6] Quagga e e nyeletseng e ne e tlhaotswe kwa tshimologong jaaka mofuta o o farologaneng.[7] Dithuto tsa moragonyana tsa dijini di e beile jaaka mofuta o le mongwe le pitse ya naga ya dipoa, e ka nna mofutapotlana kgotsa fela palo e e kwa borwa thata.[8][9] Bosupi jwa dimolekhule bo tshegetsa dipitse tsa naga jaaka losika lwa monophaeletiki.[3] [4] [5]

Equus e simolotse kwa Amerika Bokone mme tatelano e e tlhamaletseng ya paleogenomic ya lerapo la metapodial la pitse ya Pleistocene ya dingwaga di le 700,000 go tswa kwa Canada e kaya letlha la dingwaga di le dimilione di le 4.07 tse di fetileng (mya) la mogologolwane wa bošeng yo o tlwaelegileng wa dipitse mo magareng ga 14[5]. Dipitse di ne tsa kgaogana go tswa mo diesele le dipitse tsa naga ka nako e mme dipitse di ne tsa dira Eurasia le Aforika kolone ka 2.1–3.4 mya. Dipitse tsa naga le diesele di ne di fapoga go tswa mo go tse dingwe gaufi le 2 mya. Pitse ya naga ya dithaba e ne ya fapoga mo mefuteng e mengwe e e ka nnang 1.6 mya mme dithota le pitse ya naga ya ga Grévy di ne tsa kgaogana ka 1.4 mya.[6]

Thutopatlisiso ya DNA ya di-mitochondria ya 2017 e ne ya baya Equus ovodovi ya Eurasia le losika lwa Sussemionus gaufi le dipitse tsa naga go na le diesele.[1] Le fa go ntse jalo, dithutopatlisiso tse dingwe di ne tsa ganetsa go bewa gono, tsa fitlhela losika lwa Sussemionus lo le kwa tlase mo setlhopheng sa dipitse tsa naga + diesele, mme di akantsha gore losika lwa Sussemionus lo ka tswa lo amogetse kelelo ya dijini go tswa mo dipitse tsa naga.[7]

Kladokeramo ya Equus e e fa tlase e ikaegile ka Vilstrup le badirammogo (2013) le Jónsson le badirammogo (2014):[3] [6]Tempolete:Clade

Mefuta e e sa ntseng e le teng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Name Dimensions Description Distribution Subspecies Chromosomes Image
Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi) Body length: 250–300 cm (98–118 in)

Tail length: 38–75 cm (15–30 in)

Shoulder height: 125–160 cm (49–63 in)

Weight: 352–450 kg (776–992 lb).[24]		 Thin, elongated skull, robust neck and conical ears; narrow striping pattern with concentric rump stripes, white belly and tail base and white line around the ashy muzzle.[8][9][26] Eastern Africa including the Horn;[9] arid and semiarid grasslands and shrublands.[27] Monotypic[9] 46[27]
Plains zebra (Equus quagga) Body length: 217–246 cm (85–97 in)

Tail length: 47–56 cm (19–22 in)

Shoulder height: 110–145 cm (43–57 in)

Weight: 175–385 kg (386–849 lb).[24]		 Thick bodied with relatively short legs and an obtusely shaped skull profile with a protruding forehead and a more recessed nose area;[8][10] broad stripes, horizontal on the rump, with northern populations having more extensive striping while populations further south have whiter legs and bellies and more brown "shadow" stripes while the snout is black.[8][11][30][12] Eastern and southern Africa; savannahs, grasslands and open woodlands.[32] 6[13] or monotypic[14] 44[33]
Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) Body length: 210–260 cm (83–102 in)

Tail length: 40–55 cm (16–22 in)

Shoulder height: 116–146 cm (46–57 in)

Weight: 204–430 kg (450–948 lb).[24]		 Eye sockets more circular and positioned farther back, a squarer nuchal crest, dewlap present under neck and compact hooves; stripes intermediate in width between the other species, with gridiron and horizontal stripes on the rump, while the belly is white and the black muzzle is lined with chestnut or orange.[15][8][16][27] Southwestern Africa; mountains, rocky uplands and Karoo shrubland.[32][15][12] 2[15] 32[27]
  1. ↑ Nores, Carlos; Muñiz, Arturo Morales; Rodríguez, Laura Llorente; Bennett, E. Andrew; Geigl, Eva-María (2015). "The Iberian Zebro: what kind of a beast was it?". Anthropozoologica. 50: 21–32. doi:10.5252/az2015n1a2. hdl:10651/34413. S2CID 55004515.
  2. ↑ "Zebra". Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  3. 1 2 Vilstrup, Julia T.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Stiller, M.; Ginolhac, A.; Raghavan, M.; Nielsen, S. C. A.; et al. (2013). "Mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids". PLoS One. 8 (2). Bibcode:2013PLoSO...855950V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055950. PMC 3577844. PMID 23437078. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Forstén, Ann (1992). "Mitochondrial-DNA timetable and the evolution of Equus: of molecular and paleontological evidence" (PDF). Annales Zoologici Fennici. 28: 301–309. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  5. ↑ Ryder, O. A.; George, M. (1986). "Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the genus Equus" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 3 (6): 535–546. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040414. PMID 2832696. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  6. 1 2 Jónsson, Hákon; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Orlando, Ludovic (2014). "Speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (52): 18655–18660. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11118655J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412627111. PMC 4284605. PMID 25453089.
  7. ↑ Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing; Zhang, Wei; Hu, Songmei; Wang, Xiaoyang; Tian, He (2022-05-11). "Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene". eLife (in Sekgoa). 11. doi:10.7554/eLife.73346. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9142152. PMID 35543411. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Rubenstein, D. I. (2001). "Horse, Zebras and Asses". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 468–473. ISBN 978-0-7607-1969-5.
  9. 1 2 3 Churcher, C. S. (1993). "Equus grevyi" (PDF). Mammalian Species (453): 1–9. Bibcode:1993MamSp.453....1C. doi:10.2307/3504222. JSTOR 3504222.
  10. ↑ Grubb, P. (1981). "Equus burchellii". Mammalian Species (157): 1–9. Bibcode:1981MamSp.157....1G. doi:10.2307/3503962. JSTOR 3503962.
  11. ↑ Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. University of California Press. pp. 235–248. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
  12. 1 2 Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2005). "Equidae". The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 541–546. ISBN 978-0-521-84418-5.
  13. ↑ Groves, C. P.; Bell, C. H. (2004). "New investigations on the taxonomy of the zebras genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris". Mammalian Biology. 69 (3): 182–196. Bibcode:2004MamBi..69..182G. doi:10.1078/1616-5047-00133.
  14. ↑ Pedersen, Casper-Emil T.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Etter, Paul D.; Johnson, Eric A.; Orlando, Ludovic; Chikhi, Lounes; Siegismund, Hans R.; Heller, Rasmus (2018). "A southern African origin and cryptic structure in the highly mobile plains zebra". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 491–498. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..491P. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0453-7. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29358610. S2CID 3333849.
  15. 1 2 3 Penzhorn, B. L. (1988). "Equus zebra". Mammalian Species (314): 1–7. Bibcode:1988MamSp.314....1P. doi:10.2307/3504156. JSTOR 3504156. S2CID 253987177.
  16. ↑ Rubenstein, D. I. (2011). "Family Equidae: Horses and relatives". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Llobet, T. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals (1st ed.). Lynx Edicions. pp. 106–111. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4.
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