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Legapu

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Legapu

Legapu (Citrullus lanatus) ke mofuta wa semela se se thunyang sa lelapa la Cucurbitaceae, se se nang le leungo le letona le le jewang. Ke semela se se tshwanang le mofine se se tsamayang ka go tlalatlala mme se jalwa thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe, se na le mefuta e e fetang sekete.

Magapu a jalwa mo mafelong a a nang le seemo sa loapi se se siameng go tswa kwa mafelong a boboatsatsi go ya kwa mafelong a a nang leseemo sa loapi se se tsididi mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ntlha ya maungo a one a maton a a jewang, a e leng moretlwa o o nang le legari le le thata mme o se na dikarolwana mo teng, o moithutatshelo ba o bitsang peo. Manye a lone a a botshe a a nang le matute gantsi a mahibidu jo bo tseneletseng go ya go pinki, mme e na le Peo e ntsi e ntsho fa di godile, le tse di tshweu fa di ise di gole. Gape go na le mefuta e e se nang dipeo. Leungo leno le ka jewa le sa apewa kgotsa le apeilwe, mme legare la lone le ka jewa fa le sena go apewa. Gape e ka nowa e le matute kgotsa e le karolo ya dino tse di tlhakantsweng.

Magapu a sesha kana a sekgowa a simolotse kwa Sudan, kwa a neng a jalwa teng la ntlha.[1] [2]Magapu a Kordofan go tswa kwa Sudan ke losika la ba ba gaufi mme e ka nna borremogologolwane ba gompieno, Legapu le le jalwang. [3] Dipeo tsa tswine ya naga di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa Uan Muhuggiag, lefelo la bogologolo la kwa Libya le le simolotseng ka 3500 BC. [4]Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, go ne ga gololwa patlisiso e e neng ya latedisa dipeo tsa semonamone tsa dingwaga di le dikete tse thataro tse di fitlhetsweng kwa sekakeng sa Libya go ya kwa dipeong tsa Egusi kwa Nigeria, Afrika Bophirima. Ditshwene di ne tsa ruisiwa kwa Sudan mme tsa jalwa kwa Egepeto ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi BC; setshwantsho sa e e bonalang e le nngwe mo thining se fitlhetswe mo lebitleng la Egepeto le le nang le dingwaga tse di ka nnang dikete tse nne tse di fetileng. Tseo e ne e se tsa mofuta o o monate wa segompieno, mme mekwalo ya Sehebera go tswa kwa tshimologong ya motlha wa Sekeresete e ne e baya semonamone le maungo a mangwe a tafole a a monate, mme dimonamone tsa molatso di ne tsa anama go ralala lefatshe la Mediterranean ka nako ya bogologolo jwa Roma. [5]

Maiteko a magolo a go godisa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijalo a dirile gore go nne le mefuta e e kgonang go emelana le malwetse. Go na le mefuta e le mentsi e e kgonang go ntsha maungo a a buduleng mo malatsing a le lekgolo fa e sena go jalwa. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, China e tla bo e le yone e e tlhagisang dikhabetšhe tse dintsi go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka 64% ya palogotlhe ya tsone.

Tlhaloso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Semonamone ke sejalo sa ngwaga le ngwaga se se nang le mokgwa wa go kotama kgotsa go palama. Matlhare a sone a ka nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo mme a na le meriri e e serolwana kgotsa e e borokwa. Matlhare a boleele jwa dimilimetara di le masome a marataro go ya go di le makgolo a mabedi le bophara jwa dimilimetara di le masome a mane go ya go di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano . Gantsi di na le matlhakore a le mararo a a nang le matlhakore a mabedi. Go gola go go sa tswang go nna teng go na le boboa jo bo kitlaneng jo bo nang le meriri e e serolwana e e nyelelang fa semela se ntse se gola. Fela jaaka mefuta yotlhe ya semela sa Citrullus kwantle ga o le mongwe fela, semonamone le sone se na le dithunya tse di nang le dikala. Dimela tseno di na le dithunya tse e seng tsa bong jo bo tshwanang tse di nang le mmala o mosweu kgotsa o o serolwana e bile di na le maungo a a nang le moriri a a boleele jwa dimilimetara di le masome a mane. Sethunya sengwe le sengwe se gola se le nosi mo matlhakoreng a matlhare, mme mofuta ono wa dithunya o na le dithunya tse di tonanyana le tse di namagadi mo semeleng sengwe le sengwe. Dithunya tsa ditona ke tsone tse di golang kwa tshimologong ya setlha; tsa ditshegadi, tse di golang moragonyana, di na le mae a mae a a kwa tlase. Mekgwa e e kopantswe mo kholomong e le nngwe.

Leungo le legolo ke mofuta wa moretlwa o o fetotsweng o o bidiwang pepo o o nang le letlalo le le bokima (exocarp) le bogare jwa nama (mesocarp le endocarp).[6] Dimela tsa naga di na le maungo a a ka nnang boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mabedi, fa mefuta e e lemilweng yone e ka nna boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a marataro. Letlalo la leungo le botala jo bo tseneletseng mme gantsi le na le matlhare kgotsa methalo, mme nama, e e nang le dipodi tse dintsi tse di anameng mo teng, e ka nna bohibidu kgotsa pinki (gantsi), namune, serolwana, botala kgotsa bosweu. [7][8]

Legapu le le babang, C. amarus, le tlholegile mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa dikontinente di le mmalwa, mme se kaiwa jaaka "semela se se senyang" mo dikarolong tsa Bophirima jwa Australia koo se bidiwang "sese sa kolobe".[9]

Tsamaiso ya diphologolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Legapu le le monate le ne la tlhalosiwa la ntlha ke Carl Linnaeus ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano le boraro mme a se bitsa Cucurbita citrullus. E ne ya tsenngwa gape mo losikeng lwa Citrullus ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masame a mararo le borataro, ka fa tlase ga leina la Citrullus vulgaris, ke moitseanape wa German Heinrich Adolf Schrader.[10] Maina a a tshwanang le "Citrullus citrullus" ga a letlelelwa mo International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.[11]

Mofuta ono o kgaogantswe gape ka mefuta e le mmalwa, e e akaretsang melon e e bogalaka (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus), legapu le le babang (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.), mme var. vulgaris e e jewang e ka tswa e le yone e e botlhokwa thata. Mokgwa ono wa go kgaoganya o simolotse ka ntlha ya go tshwana ga legapu le le boboa la Citrullus lanatus le legapu le le monate la Citrullus vulgaris le le dirilweng ke L.H. Bailey ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo.[12]Dintlha tsa dimolekhule, go akaretsa le tatelano go tswa mo kgoboketsong ya kwa tshimologong ya Thunberg le mofuta o mongwe o o maleba wa didiriswa, di bontsha gore watermelon e e monate (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) le melon e e boleta ya boboa Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai ga di amane thata le tse dingwe.[13]Kopo ya go boloka leina, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, e ne ya amogelwa ke komiti ya nomenclature mme ya tlhomamisiwa kwa International Botanical Congress ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa .[14]

Pele ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano , go ne go akanngwa gore mofuta wa naga o o gaufi thata le Citrullus lanatus e ne e le legapu le le senang dithotse Citrullus ecirrhosus Cogn. go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa Aforika Borwa go ya ka sekai se se lemogilweng ka phoso sa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga tshekatsheko ya phylogenetic, losika lo lo gaufi thata le Citrullus lanatus jaanong go akanngwa fa e le Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa) go tswa Afrika Bophirima (go tswa Senegal go ya Nigeria), eo gape ka dinako tse dingwe e tsewang e le mofuta wa C. lanatus.[15]Magapu a a tswang kwa Sudan lle one a gaufi le magaoy a ruilweng.[16] Legapu le le boleta le ne la tlhalosiwa semmuso ke Carl Peter Thunberg ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a robabongwe le bone mme ya fiwa leina la Momordica lanata.[17] E ne ya tsenngwa mo mofuteng wa Citrullus ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro ke baithutadimela ba Majapane Jinzō Matsumura le Takenoshin Nakai.[18]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Magapu a ne a jalwa ka ntlha ya metsi a mantsi a nang le one mme a ne a bolokiwa gore a jewe ka paka ya komelelo, e le motswedi wa dijo le metsi. [19]Peo ya matute a dinotshe a ne a fitlhelwa kwa kgaolong ya Lewatle le le Suleng kwa metseng ya bogologolo ya Bab edh-Dhra le Tel Arad. [20][21]

Botshelo le Magapu, Ananaase le Maungo a Mangwe ka Albert Eckhout, motaki wa Mo-Dutch wa lekgolo la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga yo o neng a dira kwa Brazil

Dipeo di le dintsi tsa legapu la naga (C. lanatus) tse di nang le dingwaga di le dikete tse tlhano di ne tsa bonwa kwa Uan Muhuggiag, lefelo la bogologolo la thutamarope le le kwa borwabophirima jwa Libya. Go ribololwa ga archaeobotanical go ka tshegetsa kgonagalo ya gore semela se ne se anamisiwa thata mo nakong e e fetileng.[4][19]

Mo lekgolong la bosupa la dingwaga, meretlwa e ne e lengwa kwa India, mme ka lekgolo la bosome la dingwaga e ne e setse e fitlhile kwa China. Ba-Moor ba ne ba tlisa loungo lono kwa Pheninsuleng ya Iberia, mme go na le bosupi jwa gore lo ne lo jalwa kwa Córdoba ka 961 le kwa Seville ka ngwaga wa sekete,lekgolo le lesome le borobabobedi. E ne ya anamela kwa bokone go ralala borwa jwa Yuropa, gongwe e ne ya thibelwa ke dithemperetšha tsa selemo tse di neng di sa lekana gore go nne le thobo e e siameng. Leungo le ne le simolotse go tlhagelela mo dijalong tsa merogo tsa kwa Yuropa ka ngwaga wa seketele makgolo a marataro, mme le ne le jalwa thata kwa Yuropa ka lekgolo la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga jaaka sejalo se se potlana sa tshingwana. [7]

Magapu a bogologolo a ne a se monate, go na le moo di ne di le bogalaka, di na le letlalo le lesweu le le serolwana. Gape go ne go le thata go di bula. Legapu la gompieno,le le nang le tatso e e botshe e bile go le motlhofo go se bula, se ne sa tlhabololwa fa nako e ntse e tsamaya ka go le tsadisa ka tsela e e tlhophilweng.[22]

Setshwantsho se se tserweng mo saetlopeding ya temothuo ya kwa Japane ya Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

Batho ba ba neng ba nna kwa Yuropa ba ne ba tlisa semonamone kwa New World. Baagi ba Spain ba ne ba e lema kwa Florida ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a supa le borataro . E ne e jalwa kwa Massachusetts ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a marataro le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano e ne e jalwa kwa Peru, Brazil le Panama. Mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo, Baamerika ba Tlholego ba ne ba lema dijalo tseno kwa mokgatšheng wa Mississippi le kwa Florida. Matonkomane a ne a amogelwa ka bonako kwa Hawaii le kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse dingwe tsa Pacific fa a ne a tlisiwa koo ke babatlisisi ba ba jaaka Kapotene James Cook. [7]

Magapu a senang Peo a ne a tlhagisiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe ke bomaitsaanaoe ba ma-japane ba ba neng ba dira di-triploid hybrids tse di senang dipeo mme di ne di se na nonofo e e lekaneng ya go emelana le malwetse.[23] Magapu a senag peo a tuma thata mo ngwagakgolong wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe, di oketsega go nna 85% ya palogotlhe ya di-watermelon tse di rekisitsweng kwa United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. [24]

Tsamaiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Legapu le le tswang kwa kgaolong ya Kordofan kwa Sudan  -Legapu la Kordofan-e ka nna ya bo e le sone se se simolotseng semonamone sa segompieno se se ruilweng.[3]Legapu la Kordofan le na le tatso e e monate, e farologane le mefuta e mengwe ya Afrika e e tswang kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe, e supa tshimologo e e tshwanang, gongwe e ne ya jalwa kwa Nile Valley ka 2340 BC.[3]

Temo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Legapu le mela mo mafelong a a mogote le a a tsididi, mme se tlhoka themperetšha e e kwa godimo ga 25 °C (77 °F) gore se gole sentle. Mo tshingwaneng, gantsi peo e jalwa mo dipitseng tse di khurumeditsweng e bo e jalwa gape mo mmung. Maemo a a siameng ke mmu wa motlhaba o o kgadileng sentle o o nang le pH magareng ga 5.7 le 7.2.[25]

Ditshidi tse ditona tse di senyang legapu di akaretsa di-aphid, dintshi tsa maungo le di-nematode. Mo maemong a bongola jo bo kwa godimo, dimela di tlhaselwa ke malwetse a dimela jaaka powdery mildew le mosaic virus. [26]Mefuta mengwe e e jalwang kwa Japane le kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Botlhaba jo bo Kgakala e ka tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa fusarium. Go tsenya mefuta e e ntseng jalo mo ditlhareng tse di kgonang go emelana le malwetse go a sireletsa.[7]

Lephata la Temothuo la United States le akantsha gore go dirisiwe bobotlana motshitshi o le mongwe wa dinotshe mo ekareng e le nngwe (dimetara di le 4 000 mo motshitshing o le mongwe) go tsamaisa mmudula wa mefuta e e tlwaelegileng ya dipeo tse di jalwang mo masimong a kgwebo. Mefuta e e kopantsweng e e se nang peo e na le mmudula o o senang peo. Seno se tlhoka gore go jalwe mefuta ya mmudula e e nang le mmudula. E re ka go sa tlhole go na le mmudula o o lekaneng, mme go nna le mmudula go le botlhokwa thata gore go nne le mofuta wa mmudula o o se nang peo, palo e go akantshiwang gore go dirwe di-hive tsa one e oketsega go nna di-hive di le tharo mo ekareng e le nngwe (1300 m2 mo hiveng e le nngwe). Dinotshe di na le nako e telele ya go gola go feta dinotshe tse dingwe mme gantsi go ka tsaya malatsi a le masome a robabobedi le botlhano kgotsa go feta go tswa ka nako ya go jalwa gore leungo le gole. [27]Go tshwanetse ga ntshiwa dithoro tsa mmudula tse di ka nnang sekete mme di anamisiwe ka go lekana mo matlhakoreng a mararo a stigma go dira leungo le le lekanang le le lekanang le le le nang le sebopego se se tlwaelegileng.[28] Mo godimo ga moo, go akanngwa gore go tlhaela ga mmudula go baka "pelo e e lolea" e e dirang gore nama ya semonamone e nne le phatlha e kgolo, ka dinako tse dingwe e nna le popego e e raraaneng, e e lekalekanang. Dinamune tse di nang le pelo e e lolea di ka jewa ka pabalesego.[29][30]

Dinotshe ke motswedi wa botlhokwa wa metsi mo Aforika Borwa, Sekaka sa Kalahari, le Aforika Botlhaba mo bathong le mo diphologolong.[31]

Thobo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro , thobo ya lefatshe ya legapu e ne e le ditone di le dimilione di le lekgolo le botlhano, e eteletswe pele ke China (kwa kontinenteng) e e dirang 64% ya palogotlhe (tafole). Mafatshe a mangwe a ne a ntsha dijo tseno e ne e le India, Turkey, Algeria le Brazil.

Dikotla

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Leungo la Legapu le na le 91% ya metsi, 6% ya sukiri, mme le na le dikotla tse di kwa tlase tsa mafura le diporoteine (tafole). Mo selekanyong se se lekanyeditsweng sa 100 g (3+1⁄2 ounces), leungo la Legapu le naya 127 kilojoules (30 kilocalories) ya maatla a dijo, mme ga le na dikotla tse dinnye thata (tafole). Mmudula o na le carotenoids, go akaretsa lycopene.[32]

Asiti ya amino citrulline e bonala mo legareng la legapu.[33][34]

Mefuta

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go na le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa mefuta e e farologaneng;[35]

Setlhopha sa Citroides

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

(syn. C. lanatus subsp. lanatus var. citroides; C. lanatus var. citroides; C. vulgaris var. citroides)[35]

Go na le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa dijalo. Tshedimosetso ya DNA e bontsha gore C. lanatus var. citroides Bailey e tshwana le Thunberg's bitter wooly melon, C. lanatus gape e tshwana le C. amarus Schrad. Ga se mofuta wa semonamone se se botshe wa C. vulgaris e bile ga o amane thata le mofuta oo.

Lerotse kgotsa makataan -  ke mofuta o o nang le nanye a a serolwana a a botshe a jalwang mo lefatsheng ka bophara go dira furu le go dira letlalo la lemon le pectin. [36]

Setlhopha sa Lanatus

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

(syn. C. lanatus var. caffer)[35]

C. caffer Schrad. e tshwana le C. amarus Schrad.

Mofuta ono o o bidiwang tsamma o jalwa ka ntlha ya mateng a yone a masweu a a nang le matute. Mofuta ono e ne e le motswedi wa botlhokwa wa dijo tsa batsamai kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari. [36]

Mofuta o mongwe o o bidiwang karkoer kgotsa bitterboela ga o monate mo bathong, mme dipeo tsa one di ka jewa. [36]

Mofuta o o nang le maungo a mannye o o nang le letlalo le le makgwakgwa o bakile botlhole mo dinkung.[36]

setlhopha sa Vulgaris

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Se ke Legapu le le monate la Linnaeus; le ntse le jalelwa go jewa ke batho ka diketekete tsa dingwaga.[36]

C. lanatus mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa

Mofuta ono wa konofolo wa kwa Afrika Bophirima ke mongwe wa losika lo lo gaufi thata lwa legapu la naga. E jalwa go fepa dikgomo. [36]

Mo godimo ga moo, mefuta e mengwe ya diphologolo tsa naga e na le maungo a a bogalaka a a nang le cucurbitacin. [37] C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh., C. rehmii De Winter, le C. naudinianus (Sond.) Hook.f.

Mefutafuta

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Legapu le le senang Peo

Go na le mefuta e e fetang sekete le makgolo a mabedi ya Magapu a a nang le bokete jo bo farologanang go tswa go 1 kg go ya go 90 kg; mateng a lone a ka nna bohibidu, pinki, namune, serolwana kgotsa bosweu. [27]

  • 'Sefapaano sa Carolina' se ne sa dira rekoto ya lefatshe ya ga jaana ya watermelon e e bokete, e e neng e le bokete jwa 159 kg (351 lb).[38] E na le letlalo le le tala, nama e khibidu mme gantsi e ntsha maungo a a magareng ga 29 le 68 kg (65 le 150 lb). Go tsaya malatsi a ka nna masome a robabongwe go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong.[39]
  • 'Golden Midget' e na le letlalo la mmala wa gauta le nama e pinki fa e butswe, mme e tsaya malatsi a le lesome le bosupa go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong.[40]
  • 'Orangeglo' e na le nama ya namune e e monate thata, mme ke leungo le legolo, le leleele le le bokete jwa 9 - 14 kg (20 -31 lb). E na le lekape le le botala jo bo phatsimang le le nang le methalo e e serolwana se se tseneletseng. Go tsaya malatsi a ka nna masome le borobabongwe go ya ko lekgolong - go tloga go jalwa go ya thobong. [41]
  • Mofuta wa 'Moon and Stars' o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borataro.[42] Sekgapha sa yone ke se se mmala o o phepole/montsho mme se na le dikgolokwe tse dinnye tse di serolwana (dinaledi) le dikgolokwe tse di kgolo tse pedi tse di serolwana (ngwedi). Semonamone se boima jwa 9 -23 kg (20 -51 lb).[43] Nama ya yone e pinki kgotsa e khibidu mme e na le dipeo tse di borokwa. Matlhare le one a na le marontho. Nako go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong ke malatsi a ka nna masome a robabongwe.[44]
  • 'Cream of Saskatchewan' e na le maungo a mannye a a kgolokwe a a boleele jwa disentimetara di ka nna masome a mabedi le botlhane. E na le letlalo le lennye, le le botala jo bo phatsimang le le lefifi le le nang le methalo, le nama e tshweu e e botshe e e nang le dipeo tse dintsho. E kgona go gola sentle mo maemong a bosa a a tsididi. Kwa tshimologong e ne ya tlisiwa kwa Saskatchewan, kwa Canada, ke bafaladi ba Ba-Russia. Semonamone se tsaya malatsi a le masome a robabobedi go ya go a le masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tloga ka nako ya go jala go fitlha ka nako ya thobo.[45]
  • 'Melitopolski' e na le maungo a mannye, a kgolokwe a boleele jwa 28 - 30 cm (11 - 12 in). Ke mofuta o o butswang go sa le gale o o tswang kwa kgaolong ya Astrakhan kwa Russia, e leng lefelo le le itsegeng ka go lema meretlwa. Borakgwebo ba kwa Moscow ba bona dimonamone tsa Melitopolski di kgobokane di le dintsi ka selemo. Mofuta ono o tsaya malatsi a ka nna masome a robabongwe le botlhano go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong. [46]
  • Semonamone sa "Densuke" se na le maungo a a kgolokwe a a ka nnang boima jwa dikilogerama di le lesome le bongwe. Letlalo la yone le lentsho mme ga le na meralo kgotsa marontho. E jalwa fela kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Hokkaido, kwa Japane, kwa go jalwang dipeo tsa metsi di le dikete tse lesome gone ngwaga le ngwaga. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa sekete le borobabobedi, nngwe ya ditamati tsa ntlha tse di neng tsa rojwa e ne ya rekisiwa ka madi a a kana ka di-yen di le 650 000 (R7 500), e leng madi a a kwa godimo go gaisa otlhe a a kileng a rekisiwa. Palogare ya tlhotlhwa ya thekiso e ka nna 25,000 yen ($250).[47]
  • Mefuta e le mentsi ya ditlhare tseno ga e tlhole e jalwa gore e rekisiwe ka gonne e na le makape a a bokima, mme gone dipeo tsa tsone di ka tswa di le teng mo balemi ba mo gae le mo dikomponeng tse di dirang dipeo tse di kgethegileng. Legare le le bokete le le a eletsega go dira dikhukhu tsa legapu mme mefuta mengwe ya bogologolo e e ratwang mo ntlheng eno e akaretsa 'Tom Watson', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', le 'Black Diamond'.[48]
  • Legapu le le tsididi (e e itsegeng gape jaaka legapu le le tsididi) le kaya tlwaelo ya go tsidifatsa leungo la Legapu (Citrullus lanatus) pele ga go jewa. Mokgwa ono wa go baakanya o ratiwa thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe, segolobogolo kwa mafelong a a nang le tlelaemete e e mogote, ka ntlha ya selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa metsi a leungo leno le a nang le one le go lapolosa fa le jewa le le tsididi. Lefoko "pholile" gape le ka kaya bokao jwa loago kgotsa jwa setso jwa leungo leno, le ka dinako tse dingwe le amanngwang le diphathi tsa selemo le dikokoano tsa kwa ntle.

Go tokafatsa mefuta

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Legapu (mofuta mongwe wa bogologolo) jaaka o bontshitswe mo setshwantshong sa lekgolo la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga, se se takilweng ka oli, se se takilweng ke Giovanni Stanchi

Charles Fredrick Andrus, yo e leng moitseanape wa tsa temo kwa USDA Vegetable Breeding Laboratory e e kwa Charleston, South Carolina, o ne a leka go tlhagisa semonamone se se sa tsenweng ke malwetse e bile se sa swabe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bone, go ne ga felela ka gore go nne le "monontsha o mosetlha o o tswang kwa Charleston". E re ka e ne e le khutlonne e bile e na le letlalo le le thata, go ne go le motlhofo go e kokoanya le go e romela. E re ka e kgona go tlwaelana le maemo a a farologaneng, e ne e ka jalwa mo lefelong le legolo. E ne e ntsha thobo e e kwa godimo e bile e ne e kgona go emelana le malwetse a a masisi a legapu: anthracnose le fusarium wilt.[49]

Ba bangwe gape ba ne ba dira ka mefuta ya dijalo tse di kgonang go emelana le malwetse; J. M. Crall kwa sekolong se setona sa Florida o ne a dira 'Jubilee' ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro mme C. V. Hall wa Kansas State University o ne a tlhagisa 'Crimson Sweet' mo ngwageng o o latelang. Ga di sa tlhole di jalwa ka bontsi, fela losika lwa tsone lo ile lwa tswelela go nna mefuta e e tswakantsweng e e nang le thobo e e kwa godimo, boleng jo bo botoka jwa nama le ponalo e e kgatlhisang.[7]Mokgele o mongwe wa batho ba ba jalang dimela e ntse e le go tlosa dipeo tse di gasameng mo nameng. Se se fitlheletswe ka go dirisa mefuta ya triploid, fela e e senang peo, mme tlhotlhwa ya go ntsha peo ka go kgabaganya motsadi wa tetraploid le motsadi wa diploid e e tlwaelegileng e kwa godimo. [7]

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa , balemirui ba kwa mafatsheng a ka nna masome a mane le bone kwa United States ba ne ba lema matonkomane mo kgwebong, ba ntsha maungo a boleng jo bo fetang $500 milione ka ngwaga.[50] Georgia, Florida, Texas, California le Arizona ke tsone tse di tlhagisang watermelon e ntsi go gaisa kwa United States, mme Florida e ntsha legapu le le tsigo feta nlefatshe lepe le lengwe.[51][50] Leungo leno le le tlwaelegileng jaanong le legolo thata mo e leng gore mabenkele a a rekisang dijo gantsi a rekisa sephatlo kgotsa kwatara ya dimelone. Mefuta mengwe e mennye, e e kgolokwe ya motlhwa, e e nang le nama e khibidu le e e serolwana, ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwa "motlhwa wa lebokoso le le tsididi".[52]Leungo le legolo le le begilweng le ne la jalwa kwa Tennessee ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro mme le ne le le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (351 pounds).[38]

Ditiriso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go apaya

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Legapu ke leungo le le monate la selemo le le jewang le sa tswa go segwa, le segwa mo disaleng tsa maungo a a tswakaneng, kgotsa jaaka matute. [53] [54]Metsi a legapu a ka tswakanngwa le matute a mangwe a maungo kgotsa ya dirwa mofine.[55]

Peo e na le tatso ya notshe mme e ka omisiwa le go gadikwa, kgotsa ya silwa go nna bupi. [8]Dikgapetla tsa tswine ya metsi di jewa di tsentswe letswai,[48] di gadikilwe kgotsa di gadikilwe.[8][62]

Citrullis lanatus, mofuta wa caffer, e gola kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari, kwa e itsegeng jaaka tsamma.[8] Maungo a dirisiwa ke batho ba San le diphologolo tsa naga go bona metsi le dijo, go ba letla go tshela ka tsamma ka dibeke di le thataro.[8]

Botlhokwa jwa setso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Legapu le emojis ya lone -le  dirisiwa jaaka letshwao la kganetso ya kwa Palesetina,[56] [57][58]ya kgaolo ya Kherson kwa Ukraine, le ya eco-socialism, jaaka 'botala ka fa ntle, bohibidu ka fa teng'. Fa e sale go runya ga ntwa ya Gaza ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, di-emoji tsa "Legapu" di ntse di dirisiwa thata mo di-platform tse di farologaneng tsa metswedi ya dikgang go bontsha tshegetso ya Palesetina, go tila go itshwaya diphoso le go thibelwa ga ditshwantsho mo di-platform dingwe (mokgwa o o bidiwang "algospeak"), go tila matshwao a a bonalang jaaka difolaga tsa Palesetina. [59] Ka gonne bontsi jwa yone e na le metsi, semonamone se ile sa dirisiwa go tshwantshetsa tlhakanelodikobo e e seng ya tlholego, e e "ntseng e le metsi" kgotsa e e fetolang tsela e motho a lebang tlhakanelodikobo ka yone.[60][61] Kwa United States, watermelon e dirisitswe gape jaaka segokgo sa tlhaolele se se amanang le Maaforika-Amerika.[62]

Mo setsong sa Ba-China, meretlwa e tshwantshetsa masego le boitumelo. Di newa batho ka nako ya Ngwaga o Mosha wa Ba-Lunar le ka dinako tse dingwe tsa meletlo. Gape di jewa ka tlwaelo ka nako ya selemo jaaka dilae. [63][64]

Dinepe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Legapu le le segeletsweng
sethunya sa legapu
  1. ↑ Fox A. "Researchers Uncover the Watermelon's Origins". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  2. ↑ Renner SS, Wu S, Pérez-Escobar OA, et al. (8 June 2021). "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (23) e2101486118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118. PMC 8201767. PMID 34031154. Retrieved 21 July 2026 – via PubMed.
  3. 1 2 3 Renner SS, Wu S, Pérez-Escobar OA, et al. (24 May 2021). "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (23) e2101486118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11801486R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8201767. PMID 34031154.
  4. 1 2 Wasylikowa K, van der Veen M (2004). "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 13 (4): 213–217. Bibcode:2004VegHA..13..213W. doi:10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6. ISSN 0939-6314. JSTOR 23419585. S2CID 129058509.
  5. ↑ Paris HS (August 2015). "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus". Annals of Botany. 116 (2): 133–148. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv077. PMC 4512189. PMID 26141130.
  6. ↑ "A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types". Worldbotanical.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Maynard D, Maynard DN (2012). "Part II, Section C, Chapter 6: Cucumbers, Melons and Watermelons". In Kiple KF, Ornelas KC (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Food. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–270. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521402156. ISBN 978-0-521-40215-6.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai". South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Parsons WT, Cuthbertson EG (2001). Noxious Weeds of Australia (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 407–408. ISBN 978-0-643-06514-7. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  10. ↑ "Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.", The International Plant Names Index, archived from the original on 26 September 2019, retrieved 26 September 2019
  11. ↑ Article 23.4 "The specific epithet, with or without the addition of a transcribed symbol, may not exactly repeat the generic name (a designation formed by such repetition is a tautonym)."
  12. ↑ Bailey LH. 1930. Three discussions in Cucurbitaceae. Gentes Herbarum 2: 175–186.
  13. ↑ Chomicki, G., S. S. Renner (2014). "Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics". New Phytologist. 205 (2): 526–32. Bibcode:2015NewPh.205..526C. doi:10.1111/nph.13163. PMID 25358433.
  14. ↑ Renner, S. S., G. Chomicki, W. Greuter (2014). "Proposal to conserve the name Momordica lanata (Citrullus lanatus) (watermelon, Cucurbitaceae), with a conserved type, against Citrullus battich". Taxon. 63 (4): 941–942. doi:10.12705/634.29. S2CID 86896357.
  15. ↑ Chomicki, Guillaume & Renner, Susanne S. 2015. Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics. New Phytologist, 205 (2): 526–532.
  16. ↑ Renner, S. S., A. Sousa, and G. Chomicki. 2017. Chromosome numbers, Sudanese wild forms, and classification of the watermelon genus Citrullus, with 50 names allocated to seven biological species. Taxon 66(6): 1393-1405
  17. ↑ "Momordica lanata". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  18. ↑ Citrullus lanatus". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  19. 1 2 Strauss M (21 August 2015). "The 5,000-Year Secret History of the Watermelon". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  20. ↑ Amar Z (5 December 2016). Arabian Drugs in Medieval Mediterranean Medicine. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1318-3. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  21. ↑ Shafer-Elliott C (2022), "Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, and Legumes", in Fu J, Shafer-Elliott C, Meyers C (eds.), T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel, T&T Clark Handbooks (1 ed.), London: T&T Clark, p. 149, ISBN 978-0-567-67982-6, retrieved 27 July 2025
  22. ↑ Szydlowski M (18 August 2021). "Understanding the evolution of today's watermelon". Columbia Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  23. ↑ "Production of Seedless Watermelons". US Department of Agriculture. 15 June 1971. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  24. ↑ Naeve L (December 2015). "Watermelon". agmrc.org. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  25. ↑ "Watermelon | Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". fao.org. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  26. ↑ Brickell C, ed. (1992). The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening (Print). London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-86318-979-1.
  27. 1 2 "Watermelon Variety Descriptions". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  28. ↑ "Pollination in Watermelons | Weekly Crop Update". 12 May 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2026.
  29. ↑ Johnson GC, Ernest EG (September 2011). Conditions Influencing Hollow Heart Disorder in Triploid Watermelon. ASHS Annual Conference.
  30. ↑ Thomas A (18 June 2015). "Saving watermelons". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  31. ↑ K LT (30 January 2012). Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-94-007-1764-0. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  32. ↑ Perkins-Veazie P, Collins JK, Davis AR, et al. (2006). "Carotenoid content of 50 watermelon cultivars". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (7): 2593–7. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.2593P. doi:10.1021/jf052066p. PMID 16569049.
  33. ↑ Rimando AM, Perkins-Veazie PM (2005). "Determination of citrulline in watermelon rind". Journal of Chromatography A. 1078 (1–2): 196–200. Bibcode:2005JChA.1078..196R. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.009. PMID 16007998. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  34. ↑ "CBC News – Health – Watermelon the real passion fruit?". CBC. Associated Press. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  35. 1 2 3 Porcher, Michel H. "Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database". Sorting Citrullus names. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai". South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  37. ↑ "Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)". Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew). Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  38. 1 2 "Heaviest watermelon". Guinness World Records. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  39. ↑ "Watermelon growing contest". Georgia 4H. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2005. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  40. ↑ "Golden Midget Watermelon". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  41. ↑ "Orangeglo Watermelon". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  42. ↑ "Moon and Stars Watermelon Heirloom". rareseeds.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  43. ↑ Evans L (15 July 2005). "Moon & Stars watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) – Seed-spittin' melons makin' a comeback". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2007.
  44. ↑ "Moon and Stars Watermelon". Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  45. ↑ "Watermelon, Cream Saskatchewan". seedsavers.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.
  46. ↑ "Melitopolski Watermelon". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  47. ↑ Hosaka, Tomoko A. (6 June 2008). "Black Japanese watermelon sold at record price". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  48. 1 2 Todd C. Wehner (2008). "Watermelon". In Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez (ed.). Vegetables I. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 381–418. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12. ISBN 978-0-387-72291-7.
  49. ↑ "Watermelon developer dies at 101". Post and Courier, 16 July 2007
  50. 1 2 "index: USDA ARS". ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  51. ↑ "Florida produces more watermelon than any other state". 16 July 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  52. ↑ "Good reasons for icebox melons". The Free Library. Sunset. 1 May 1985. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  53. ↑ "Watermelon". g Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University. 2017. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  54. ↑ "Top 10 ways to enjoy watermelon". Produce for Better Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control, US National Institutes of Health. 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  55. ↑ Ogodo AC, Ugbogu OC, Ugbogu AE, et al. (2015). "Production of mixed fruit (pawpaw, banana and watermelon) wine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine". SpringerPlus. 4 683. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1475-8. PMC 4639538. PMID 26576326.
  56. ↑ Holtermann C (27 December 2023). "Why the Watermelon Emoji Is a Symbol of Support for Palestinians". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  57. ↑ "Watermelon: A slice of Palestinian resistance". Middle East Eye. 17 August 2022.
  58. ↑ Sharon J (21 June 2023). "Activists use watermelons to protest police crackdown on Palestinian flags". The Times of Israel.
  59. ↑ Giulia C (12 December 2023). "Meta's social media platforms are systemically censoring pro-Palestine content, NGO finds". Euronews Next.
  60. ↑ What does Abrosexual mean?". ProudZebra. 6 January 2021
  61. ↑ "Abrosexual flag". SFGMC. 17 April 2023.
  62. ↑ Black WR (2018). "How Watermelons Became Black: Emancipation and the Origins of a Racist Trope". Journal of the Civil War Era. 8 (1): 64–86. ISSN 2154-4727. JSTOR 26381503.
  63. ↑ The Cultural Significance of Watermelons Around the World, Global Produce Sales.com
  64. ↑ Why Watermelons Are So Significant In China, TheDailyMeal.com
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