Sold as Heroin: Perceptions and Use of an Evolving Drug in Baltimore, MD

“…Cointoxicants identified prior to 2015 were predominantly benzodiazepines and prescription opioids; more recently, they were likely to be illicit although benzodiazepine involvement continues to be high. Heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine were present in 36.3%, 19.9%, and 14.7% of all unintentional fentanyl/FA-related deaths during 2015-2017, respectively, consistent with reports describing regular heroin and cocaine use as risks for fentanyl overdose (Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018;Mars et al, 2017;McCall Jones, et al, 2017;Rubin, 2017). Crystal methamphetamine use has been significantly associated with fentanyl identification (Amlani et al, 2015;Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018), with fentanyl/FAs found to an increasing extent in confiscated methamphetamine (CDC, 2018).…”

Section: Discussion

supporting

confidence: 76%

Get access via publisher

Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths

Dai

¹

,

Abate

²

,

Smith

³

et al. 2019

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…Cointoxicants identified prior to 2015 were predominantly benzodiazepines and prescription opioids; more recently, they were likely to be illicit although benzodiazepine involvement continues to be high. Heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine were present in 36.3%, 19.9%, and 14.7% of all unintentional fentanyl/FA-related deaths during 2015-2017, respectively, consistent with reports describing regular heroin and cocaine use as risks for fentanyl overdose (Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018;Mars et al, 2017;McCall Jones, et al, 2017;Rubin, 2017). Crystal methamphetamine use has been significantly associated with fentanyl identification (Amlani et al, 2015;Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018), with fentanyl/FAs found to an increasing extent in confiscated methamphetamine (CDC, 2018).…”

Section: Discussion

supporting

confidence: 76%

Get access via publisher

Coexisting with Drug Addiction: Strategies Used by Hong Kong’s Older Mixed Users to Improve Their Perceived Quality of Life

Cheng

¹

2024

AsianJLS

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…The official explanation for mixed use is that mixed users are controlled by their desire to use drugs, which is likely to be driven by their lack of self-control (On.cc, 12 January 2021). This explanation echoes some criminological literature that considers drug users as passive and powerless subjects controlled by drugs (Atkinson & Sumnall, 2021;Kruis & Choi, 2020;Mars, Ondocsin & Ciccarone, 2018).…”

Section: Introduction

supporting

confidence: 77%

“…Prohibitionist drug policies and the criminalization of drugs pushed drug trade in the hands of organized syndicates underground (Von Lampe, 2015). Unlike agencies in the legal community, organized syndicates usually fail to provide reliable quality control, often leading to the circulation of low-quality drugs on the street (Bourmaud et al, 2021;Stam et al, 2018;Mars, Ondocsin & Ciccarone, 2018). Older mixed users in this study also cited the worsening drug quality as a reason for increasing their dosage (to maintain the same level of feeling) and the corresponding increase in their financial burden.…”

Section: Discussion

mentioning

confidence: 76%

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“They say it’s fentanyl, but they honestly look like Perc 30s”: Initiation and use of counterfeit fentanyl pills

Daniulaityte

¹

,

Sweeney

²

,

Ki

³

et al. 2022

Harm Reduct J

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This is one of the first studies to describe PWUO experiences with increased availability and use of counterfeit NPF pills in the USA. Similar to prior studies on the initiation of NPF in powder form and/or mixed with heroin [ 13 , 29 ], counterfeit NPF pill use was primarily driven by shifting illicit drug market conditions, not by consumer demands. However, since pharmaceutical drugs are generally viewed as less risky and stigmatized than heroin [ 30 ], our qualitative findings indicate that “repackaging” NPF-type drugs into counterfeit pharmaceutical-like products may contribute to perceptions of familiarity and increased social acceptability.…”

Section: Discussion

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Get access via publisher

Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths

Dai

¹

,

Abate

²

,

Smith

³

et al. 2019

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…Cointoxicants identified prior to 2015 were predominantly benzodiazepines and prescription opioids; more recently, they were likely to be illicit although benzodiazepine involvement continues to be high. Heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine were present in 36.3%, 19.9%, and 14.7% of all unintentional fentanyl/FA-related deaths during 2015-2017, respectively, consistent with reports describing regular heroin and cocaine use as risks for fentanyl overdose (Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018;Mars et al, 2017;McCall Jones, et al, 2017;Rubin, 2017). Crystal methamphetamine use has been significantly associated with fentanyl identification (Amlani et al, 2015;Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018), with fentanyl/FAs found to an increasing extent in confiscated methamphetamine (CDC, 2018).…”

Section: Discussion

supporting

confidence: 76%

Get access via publisher

Coexisting with Drug Addiction: Strategies Used by Hong Kong’s Older Mixed Users to Improve Their Perceived Quality of Life

Cheng

¹

2024

AsianJLS

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…The official explanation for mixed use is that mixed users are controlled by their desire to use drugs, which is likely to be driven by their lack of self-control (On.cc, 12 January 2021). This explanation echoes some criminological literature that considers drug users as passive and powerless subjects controlled by drugs (Atkinson & Sumnall, 2021;Kruis & Choi, 2020;Mars, Ondocsin & Ciccarone, 2018).…”

Section: Introduction

supporting

confidence: 77%

“…Prohibitionist drug policies and the criminalization of drugs pushed drug trade in the hands of organized syndicates underground (Von Lampe, 2015). Unlike agencies in the legal community, organized syndicates usually fail to provide reliable quality control, often leading to the circulation of low-quality drugs on the street (Bourmaud et al, 2021;Stam et al, 2018;Mars, Ondocsin & Ciccarone, 2018). Older mixed users in this study also cited the worsening drug quality as a reason for increasing their dosage (to maintain the same level of feeling) and the corresponding increase in their financial burden.…”

Section: Discussion

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Get access via publisher

“They say it’s fentanyl, but they honestly look like Perc 30s”: Initiation and use of counterfeit fentanyl pills

Daniulaityte

¹

,

Sweeney

²

,

Ki

³

et al. 2022

Harm Reduct J

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This is one of the first studies to describe PWUO experiences with increased availability and use of counterfeit NPF pills in the USA. Similar to prior studies on the initiation of NPF in powder form and/or mixed with heroin [ 13 , 29 ], counterfeit NPF pill use was primarily driven by shifting illicit drug market conditions, not by consumer demands. However, since pharmaceutical drugs are generally viewed as less risky and stigmatized than heroin [ 30 ], our qualitative findings indicate that “repackaging” NPF-type drugs into counterfeit pharmaceutical-like products may contribute to perceptions of familiarity and increased social acceptability.…”

Section: Discussion

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Get access via publisher

Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths

Dai

¹

,

Abate

²

,

Smith

³

et al. 2019

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…Cointoxicants identified prior to 2015 were predominantly benzodiazepines and prescription opioids; more recently, they were likely to be illicit although benzodiazepine involvement continues to be high. Heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine were present in 36.3%, 19.9%, and 14.7% of all unintentional fentanyl/FA-related deaths during 2015-2017, respectively, consistent with reports describing regular heroin and cocaine use as risks for fentanyl overdose (Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018;Mars et al, 2017;McCall Jones, et al, 2017;Rubin, 2017). Crystal methamphetamine use has been significantly associated with fentanyl identification (Amlani et al, 2015;Baldwin et al, 2018;Hayashi et al, 2018), with fentanyl/FAs found to an increasing extent in confiscated methamphetamine (CDC, 2018).…”

Section: Discussion

supporting

confidence: 76%

Get access via publisher

Coexisting with Drug Addiction: Strategies Used by Hong Kong’s Older Mixed Users to Improve Their Perceived Quality of Life

Cheng

¹

2024

AsianJLS

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…The official explanation for mixed use is that mixed users are controlled by their desire to use drugs, which is likely to be driven by their lack of self-control (On.cc, 12 January 2021). This explanation echoes some criminological literature that considers drug users as passive and powerless subjects controlled by drugs (Atkinson & Sumnall, 2021;Kruis & Choi, 2020;Mars, Ondocsin & Ciccarone, 2018).…”

Section: Introduction

supporting

confidence: 77%

“…Prohibitionist drug policies and the criminalization of drugs pushed drug trade in the hands of organized syndicates underground (Von Lampe, 2015). Unlike agencies in the legal community, organized syndicates usually fail to provide reliable quality control, often leading to the circulation of low-quality drugs on the street (Bourmaud et al, 2021;Stam et al, 2018;Mars, Ondocsin & Ciccarone, 2018). Older mixed users in this study also cited the worsening drug quality as a reason for increasing their dosage (to maintain the same level of feeling) and the corresponding increase in their financial burden.…”

Section: Discussion

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Get access via publisher

“They say it’s fentanyl, but they honestly look like Perc 30s”: Initiation and use of counterfeit fentanyl pills

Daniulaityte

¹

,

Sweeney

²

,

Ki

³

et al. 2022

Harm Reduct J

Abstract

Smart CitationsHow this paper cites the one you are viewing

“…This is one of the first studies to describe PWUO experiences with increased availability and use of counterfeit NPF pills in the USA. Similar to prior studies on the initiation of NPF in powder form and/or mixed with heroin [ 13 , 29 ], counterfeit NPF pill use was primarily driven by shifting illicit drug market conditions, not by consumer demands. However, since pharmaceutical drugs are generally viewed as less risky and stigmatized than heroin [ 30 ], our qualitative findings indicate that “repackaging” NPF-type drugs into counterfeit pharmaceutical-like products may contribute to perceptions of familiarity and increased social acceptability.…”

Section: Discussion

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Get access via publisher