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. 2019 Jan 22;7(2):13.
doi: 10.3390/medsci7020013.

Gestational Geophagia Affects Nephrocardiac Integrity, ATP-Driven Proton Pumps, the Renin⁻Angiotensin⁻Aldosterone System, and F2-Isoprostane Status

Affiliations

Gestational Geophagia Affects Nephrocardiac Integrity, ATP-Driven Proton Pumps, the Renin⁻Angiotensin⁻Aldosterone System, and F2-Isoprostane Status

Emmanuel Nnabugwu Agomuo et al. Med Sci (Basel). .

Abstract

Pregnancy brings about strong cravings for nonfood materials, the gestational toxicities of which are not yet ascertained. In this study, we used rat models to investigate the effect of clay beverage consumption during early and late gestation on p-Type ATPases, nephrocardiac integrity, the antioxidant system, and on the activities of the renin⁻angiotensin⁻aldosterone system (RAAS). The rats at early (7th day) and late gestation (20th) were administered single doses (500 mg/kg body weight of clay beverage and examined using ELISA and spectrophotometry. The gestational clay beverage intake significantly elevated the renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), anion gap, urinary output, and blood urea nitrogen⁻creatinine ratio (BUN/Crt). At early and late gestation, clay beverage consumption elevated the heartbeat, atherogenic index of plasma, cardiac risk ratio, and atherogenic coefficients. Creatinine kinase and troponin levels after clay beverage consumption significantly increased with gestation age, while lactate dehydrogenase elevation was independent of gestation age. Mg2+-ATPase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase significantly decreased during gestation and were further altered with clay beverage intake. The rats showed higher RAAS activities during early and late gestation stages but greatly decreased activities after clay beverage administration. When F2-isoprostane and malondialdehyde levels were measured, slight elevations were found during pregnancy and were greatly elevated with clay beverage intake, while the glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels were decreased. We thus discourage clay beverage consumption throughout the entire pregnancy period because of these profound homeostatic imbalances and organ toxicities associated with its consumption.

Keywords: ATPase; clay beverage; gestation; renal hemodynamics; renin–angiotensin–aldosterone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Heart total–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Kidney total–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Liver total–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Heart Mg2+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Kidney Mg2+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Liver Mg2+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Heart Na+/K+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Kidney Na+/K+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Liver Na+/K+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Heart Ca2+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Kidney Ca2+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Liver Ca2+–ATPase levels after gestational clay beverage consumption.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Histopathologic slide of the heart muscle of control rats showing no obvious atypical or reactive change in histology.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Histopathologic slide of the heart muscle of rats during early gestation stage showing no obvious atypical or reactive change in histology.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Histopathologic slide of the heart muscle of rats during late gestation stage showing no obvious atypical or reactive change in histology.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Histopathologic slide of the heart muscle of rats administered clay beverage during early gestation stage showing mild inflammation.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Histopathologic slide of the heart muscle of rats administered clay beverage during late gestation stage showing inflammation and necrosis.

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