Exerkines: Their Role in Brain Mitochondria

📖 Literature Information and Abstract Translation

The role of exerkines on brain mitochondria: a mini-review

[Review Summary] Exercise provides benefits to many organ systems, acting like a panacea for the brain. For example, aerobic exercise enhances cognitive ability and attention, and reduces the risk of brain-related diseases such as dementia, stress, and depression. In recent years, it has been suggested that endocrine signals from peripheral systems, such as skeletal muscle, mediate the effects of exercise on the brain.

It has been proposed that factors secreted from various organs in response to exercise be broadly termed "exerkines" as a collective term. Evidence is accumulating that exerkines secreted from skeletal muscle, the liver, and adipose tissue directly affect mitochondrial function in the brain. Mitochondria play a crucial role in energy metabolism, neurotransmission, cell repair, and maintenance of neurons in the brain, and it is expected that exerkines will improve brain function and disease resistance by influencing brain mitochondria. Therefore, we present research findings examining the effects of muscle-, liver-, and adipose tissue-derived exerkines on cognitive and metabolic functions of the brain by regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics, content, and dynamics in both healthy and diseased states.

■ Effects of exerkines on brain mitochondria

Effects of exerkines on brain mitochondrial bioenergetics, content, dynamics, and transcription factors. Exercise increases the blood secretion of peripheral factors (exerkines) derived from skeletal muscle (FNDC5/irisin, IL-6, lactate), adipose tissue (adiponectin), and the liver (BHB, FGF21). These exerkines cross the blood-brain barrier and directly promote aspects of mitochondrial bioenergetics, content, dynamics, and transcription factors, or indirectly enhance these parameters by increasing BDNF expression in the brain. Improvements in mitochondrial function lead to neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and improved cognitive function. BBB, blood-brain barrier; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; FNDC5, fibronectin type III domain-containing 5; IL-6, interleukin-6.

🌱 So What?: What did I find interesting?

It is a mysterious thing.
The naming process usually follows the existence of "the person, the thing, the experience, or the phenomenon (the content)" which is then given a "name."
That order should not be reversed.
However, once a name is given, what happens?
Like water moving back and forth in a moat, the "content" and the "name" enter into a bidirectional relationship.
For example, the literature I read this time taught me the name "exerkine."
Until now, my knowledge of exercise-induced secretions was scattered like toys left by a child.
The moment it was given the enclosure of the name "exerkine," it was neatly organized.
It is true that having a name makes it easier to reach the content.

This, I believe, is the importance of naming.
Once you clearly enclose the "content," the "name" can summon that existence and content in an instant, like a summon in Final Fantasy.
Or it becomes an organized folder, like a toy box.
Because of this, content that someone spent years naming after blood, sweat, and tears can be summoned by anyone in an instant, and things that were previously passed by vaguely are highlighted as a single entity, from which new stories can be born.
"Exerkine". It's easy to say, and it sounds cool.
I might be able to show this off to my colleagues.

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