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Doctor Zhivago / Доктор Живаго

[Header Image Credit]
Boris Pasternak – Doctor Zhivago – First UK Edition 1958

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副主人公

Simply put, I must have looked like Army Commissar Strelnikov (Pasha Antipov), called Расстрельников "The Executioner" in "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak, in the eyes of business warriors who found my style of work hardly aligned with business practices in the Land of the Rising Sun.

El comisario del pueblo Strélnikov, interpretado por Tom Courtenay, en la película Doctor Zhivago

¿Y qué?
Lo hice a mi manera.


未知の男の出現は、その瞬間こそドクトルにとって思いがけないものだったが、彼の来訪そのものはもともと予期されていた。家の中で見つかった思いがけぬ品々、その他の徴候から推して、ジバゴはこのような邂逅への心構えができていた、入ってきた男は、明らかにこの家で見つかったさまざまな品々の持主にちがいなかった。ただ彼の容貌がドクトルにはたしかに見おぼえがあった。どうやら来訪者のほうでも、この家が空家のままではないと予期していたらしい。人が住んでいることにも、さして驚いた様子は見えなかった。ことによると、ここでだれに逢うかをあらかじめ覚悟していたのかもしれない。いや、彼のほうでもドクトルを知っていたのかもしれない。
『だれだったかな? だれだったかな?』ジバゴは一心に記憶をまさぐった。『ああ、主よ、この男に会ったのはどこでだったでしょう? そんなことがあるでしょうか? 何年のことだったか、あれは五月の暑い朝方のこと。ラズヴィーリエの鉄道駅。薄気味悪い軍事委員の車室。明晰な判断力、原則を譲らぬ峻厳な態度、正当性、正当性、正当性。そうストレーリニコフだ!』

ボリス・パステルナーク『ドクトル・ジバゴ』第14編「ふたたびワルイキノにて」
時事通信社(江川卓訳)

Only the moment of the stranger's appearance was unexpected for the doctor, not his coming. His findings in the house and other tokens had prepared Yuri Andreevich for this meeting. The man who had come in was obviously the one to whom the supplies in the house belonged. In appearance he seemed to be someone the doctor had already seen and knew. The visitor had probably also been forewarned that the house was not empty. He was not surprised enough to find it inhabited. Maybe he had been told whom he would meet inside. Maybe he himself knew the doctor. "Who is he? Who is he?" The doctor painfully searched his memory. "Lord help me, where have I seen him before? Can it be? A hot May morning in some immemorial year. The railway junction in Razvilye. The ill-omened carriage of the commissar. Clarity of notions, straightforwardness, strictness of principles, rightness, rightness, rightness. Strelnikov!"

Boris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago", Part Fourteen: In Varykino, Again
Pantheon Books (Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky) 
This conversation sounds very annoying…

The above scene is annoying because of oversimplification by denying a person. A similar depiction was later seen in the famous film "Dune" (1984 by David Lynch) in portraying totalitarianism through a lens of space feudalism.

That said, the symbolism seen in his surname Antipov is significant.
Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Павел Павлович Антипов) is an antagonist in "Doctor Zhivago", and "Anti" might suggest such a role as the name Antipov is derived from the Greek name Antipas and the Greek word anti (ἀντί) is a preposition and prefix meaning "against," "opposite to," or "in place of/instead of" according to Wiktionary. It represents the antithesis of the protagonist Yuri Zhivago and the ideological shifts of the Russian Revolution.

However, let me introduce the following interpretation associating Antipov to Antipas of Pergamum referred to in Revelation 2:13 by the late professor Taku Egawa:

ヨハネ黙示録二章十三節には、ヨハネの忠実な弟子として「サタンの住むところにて殺されしアンテパス」の名が出てくるが、これもロシア語ではアンチープ(アンチ―パ)となる。九十二年に殉教したこの聖者について、ロシアの民間では、四月十一日がその祭りの日であることころから、「アンチープは水を解きはなつ」という成句があり、春の出水をつかさどる聖者とみなされている。ジバゴの眼前にはじめてアンチーポフが姿をあらわすのは春の出水とともにであり、この作品では水が革命のシンボルとして使われていることもあって、味わい深い。

『ドクトル・ジバゴ』江川卓訳、注解Ⅰより抜粋

象徴①

I remember Maxim Aristarkhovich Klintsov-Pogorevshikh very well, though he is a minor character.
This is a double-barrelled name (二重姓), which is rare for Japanese people.

The reason why this minor character has stuck in my memory can be ascribed to the scenes where

  1. Yuri found this person was completely unable to hold a conversation in the dark.

  2. This strange person reminded Yuri of a character in "Demons" (悪霊) by Fyodor Dostoevsky.

"Fancy that," thought Zhivago. "The strange fellow's apparently used to talking only in full light. And how clearly he pronounced it all just now, without his irregularities! Inconceivable to the mind!"

Boris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago", Part Five: Farewell to the Old
loc. cit.

It was all reminiscent of something long familiar. The nihilists of the last century had talked in the spirit of such radicalism, and some of Dostoevsky's heroes a little later, and then still quite recently their direct continuation, that is, the whole of educated provincial Russia, often going ahead of the capitals, thanks to a thoroughness preserved in the backwoods, which in the capitals had become dated and unfashionable.
...
He himself, in his convictions, had taken after his uncle, the garrulous subject informed him—extremist and maximalist in everything: in questions of life, politics, and art. Again there was a whiff of Petenka Verkhovensky, not in the leftist sense, but in the sense of depravity and hollow verbiage.

ibid.

Pogorevshikh, who is deaf, is an aristocrat and self-styled anarchist or nihilist revolutionary whom Yuri Zhivago meets on the train from Meliuzeevo to Moscow. Pogorevshikh is in fact the same deaf man who, by faking divine inspiration, helped spark the uprising in Zybushino.
His family name Pogorevshikh (Russian: Погоревших) literally translates to “the ones who have burned down” or “those who have suffered a fire” (【日】焼け出され者).
His first name Maxim means the “best”, and his father’s name is Aristarkh, which means the best leader:

The name Aristarkh originates from the Russian language and is derived from the Greek name Aristarchos, which translates to the best ruler or noble leader. It signifies qualities of leadership, authority, and nobility. The etymology of the name reflects a deep-seated cultural appreciation for qualities associated with effective governance and moral integrity, aligning with the values held by societies that honor strong and just leadership.

From Ancestry

Whilst this character is very minor, the symbolism behind this person is not ignorable, as described in the final scene in Part Five: "Farewell to the Old" (過去との訣別)  before the train arrives at Moscow and Yuri receives a present from Pogorevshikh.


映画版

The film by David Lean was good, but cannot replace the novel.

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象徴②

Yevgraf Andreevich Zhivago (Евграф Андреевич Живаго), a half-brother of Yuri, is a rather mysterious character in the novel, and highly symbolic.
Yevgraf is a Russian name derived from the Greek Eugraphios, originating from eu (well) and grapho (to write or paint), meaning "one who writes well", often associated with Saint Eugraphus of Alexandria.

This enigmatic character was portrayed by Alec Guinness in the 1965 film, but it is still not easy to shake off the image of Alec Guinness…

Again, according to he late professor Taku Egawa:

本来が「よき書き手」であるべきジバゴにではなく弟のほうにこのような命名がなされていることには、作品中におけるこの人物の謎めいた役割と並んで、さまざまな意味合いがこめられているように思われる。非常な有力者であって、革命後のロシアにおいて自由に権力を行使できること、キルギス人ふうの顔だちを持った、いわば異民族であること、エピローグで語られているように、ジバゴの著作の編者、出版者が彼であること、といった特徴は、やはり異民族の出身で全ソ連に権勢ををふるったある人物との遠い連想をさそわないではいないが、これはもう想像の領域だろう。

『ドクトル・ジバゴ』江川卓訳、注解Ⅰより抜粋
想像の領域に踏み込んでみる…😎

象徴③

It's beyond the scope of this article, but I wish to write on two other characters if I had time...

  • Kiprian Savelyevich Tiverzin

  • Osip (Yusupka) Gimazetdinovich Galiullin

チヴェルジン、キプリアン・サヴェーリエビッチ:鉄道員。アンチーポフの父とともに後に政治犯の革命家。サヴェーリイには「神から乞い願ったもの」の意味がある。チヴェルジンという姓は9~11世紀にドニエプル右岸に居住していた東スラブ族の一つチヴェルツ人から作られたものと考えられるが、それよりはむしろ、ヨハネ福音書六章でイエスがパンを増やし、湖の水の上を歩く奇跡をあらわす舞台となったテべリア湖(ガリラヤ湖の別名)から作られた姓と考えたい。
ガリューリン、オシップ・ギマゼトジノビッチ:見習工、後に白衛軍の将軍。オシップはヨシフの民間での訛用。ギマゼトジンはタタール系の名で、アラブ語の「ヤマルジン」(忠誠の美しさ)から作られたとする説がある。ガリューリンという姓はあまり見なれないものだが、チヴェルジンの姓がテべリア湖から出ているとすると、この姓はガリラヤ湖から出ているとも考えられる。ガリラヤはイエスの伝道の中心となった土地であり、作中にも「ガリラヤの人」という表現が用いられている。

『ドクトル・ジバゴ』江川卓訳、注解Ⅰより抜粋

While writing about this name Kiprian, I recalled encountering the given name "Ciprian" in the following excellent article by azukishima様 about Ciprian Porumbescu, a Romanian composer⬇️

His given name Ciprian derives from Cyprus:

The name Ciprian has its origins in Latin and is derived from the word Cyprianus, meaning From Cyprus. Cyprus, an island in the eastern Mediterranean, was of significant historical importance, being known for its strategic location and vibrant commercial activities. This name likely originated during the Roman Empire, when the region was under Roman control and enjoyed prosperity and cultural influence.

From Ancestry

ふたたびワルイキノにて

Antipov is associated with the destruction of individual lives, standing in stark contrast to Yuri’s surname, “Zhivago,” which derives from the Russian adjective “живой” (alive). The final conversation between Yuri Zhivago and Pavel Antipov is unforgettable.

「パーヴェル・パーヴロビッチ!」
なんの返事もない。『まだ眠っているんだな。それにしてもよく眠るものだ』 ジバゴはゆっくりと着替えをして、隣室に行ってみた。卓上にストレーリニコフの毛皮軍帽が置いてあったが、彼の姿は家の中には見当たらない。『散歩に行ったんだな』とドクトルは思った。『帽子もかぶらずに。鍛錬というわけか。それはそうと、今日はワルイキノにおさらばして、町へ行くつもりだったのに。遅くなってしまったな。また寝過ごしてしまった。毎朝こうなんだ』
ジバゴは暖炉に火を焚きつけ、桶を手にして、井戸へ水を汲みに行った。階段口から数歩はなれたところに、小径を斜めに横切り、頭を雪堆に突込むような形で、自殺をとげたパーヴェル・パーヴロビッチが横たわっていた。左のこめかみの下の雪が、流れ出た血だまりに浸って、赤くかたまりになっていた。一方へ噴き出した血しぶきが、凍ったななかまどの実に似た小さな赤い球を、雪の上に点々ところがしていた。

ボリス・パステルナーク『ドクトル・ジバゴ』第14編「ふたたびワルイキノにて」
時事通信社(江川卓訳)

"Pavel Pavlovich!"
No answer. "It means he's still asleep. Fast asleep, though." Yuri Andreevich unhurriedly got dressed and went into the next room. Strelnikov's military papakha was lying on the table, but he himself was not in the house. "Must have gone for a walk," thought the doctor. "Without his hat. To keep himself in shape. And I've got to put a cross on Varykino today and go to town. But it's too late. I overslept again. Just like every morning."
Yuri Andreevich started a fire in the stove, took the bucket, and went to the well for water. A few steps from the porch, obliquely across the path, having fallen and buried his head in a snowdrift, lay Pavel Pavlovich. He had shot himself. The snow under his left temple was bunched into a red lump, soaked in a pool of spilled blood. The small drops of blood spattered around had rolled up with the snow into little red balls that looked like frozen rowan berries.

Boris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago", Part Fourteen: In Varykino, Again
Pantheon Books (Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky) 

終幕

It remains to tell the uncomplicated story of…
さして込み入ってもいない…

I have gradually come to realize that this description applies to me as well.


🙏

🟪

いいなと思ったら応援しよう!