[Trends in French Literature] Humanist: Humanism
The terms "humanism" and the "humanist" who embodies it are often confused with "humanitarianism" (philanthropy) in modern times, but in their original intellectual historical context, they have a meaning closer to an intellectual struggle. If "moralists" are those who observe the inner workings of humanity, humanists can be described as
those who seek to reconstruct human potential and dignity through intellect and education. Let us delve into its essence from several perspectives.
1. The essence of the "humanist" from its etymology
The etymology of "humanism" lies in the Latin
"studia humanitatis" (humanities). In opposition to the theology-centered education of the Middle Ages, this term referred to the following five disciplines: * Grammar
* Rhetoric
* History
* Poetics
* Moral philosophy
In other words, a humanist was not simply someone who "likes people," but rather referred to a scholar or intellectual who pursues a truly human way of life by deciphering classical (ancient Greek and Roman) texts and honing the power of language
.2. Historical background: The shift from God to man
In medieval Europe, "God" was the center of the world, and humans were forced to practice asceticism as sinful beings. In contrast, humanism, which began in 14th-century Italy, triggered the following paradigm shifts: 1.
De-theocentrism (Anthropocentrism):
Instead of seeking God's intentions, affirm human intellect, creativity, and the beauty of the body. 2. The pursuit of the universal genius:
Like Leonardo da Vinci, the ideal was to maximize human capabilities in all fields, including art, science, and philosophy. 3. Critical spirit:
Instead of blindly believing in the teachings of the church, return to the original texts (classics) to think and verify for oneself.3. Representative figures of the "humanist"
The lineage of humanists includes intellectuals who act, not just scholars. *
Petrarch:
The "father of humanism." He collected ancient texts and wrote about individual emotions, loneliness, and the beauty of nature in his poetry. * Erasmus:
The "prince of humanists." With overwhelming erudition, he criticized the corruption of the church and preached tolerance and peace. * Thomas More:
Author of "Utopia." A jurist and politician, he envisioned an ideal society based on reason.4. The conflict of humanism in the modern age
Since the 20th century, humanism has been subjected to criticism that "anthropocentrism has gone too far, leading to the destruction of nature and the runaway of science (such as nuclear weapons)" (the trend of post-humanism). However, the role of the humanist in the modern age is not merely a hymn to humanity. It lies in redefining 'what is the inherent value of humanity' in an era where humans are likely to be buried by information and technology
.
Summary: Points of contact with moralists"Moralists"
observe
humanity, including its weaknesses and ugliness, while "humanists" believe in that human potential and try to form (Bildung)it. In the fields of law and expression, the question of how to balance logical correctness (law) and human sentiment (humanities) is the very challenge that humanists have continued to face. There is a saying that "man is the measure of all things," but in today's complex society, what do you feel is the final anchor that supports "humanity" for you?