12月:落ち葉集めから学ぶ「リグニン」やら「白色腐朽菌」など December: Lessons from Collecting Fallen Leaves: Cellulose, Lignin, White-Rot Fungi etc
(English follows Japanese)
2026年 新年のご挨拶
年末忙しくて12月の活動報告が年を越してしまいました💧
あけましておめでとうございます。
昨年もいろいろな方にお世話になり、ありがとうございました。
2026年も引き続き「陸域(流域)の手入れを海中の環境再生につなげる」活動を、人間目線、人間都合優先ではなく「chotto」ずつ、観察しつつ、試行錯誤で進めて行きますので、どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。
落ち葉や枝は「資材」
12月も引き続き「落ち葉・枝集め」に奔走。
特に枯葉が大量に落ちるこの時期、清掃されて「ゴミ」として処分されてしまったり、川→海に流れて底に堆積してヘドロ化する前に集め、保管し、資材として有効利用するためです。
知人の敷地で出た剪定枝を、別の知人の軽トラを借りてピックアップ。

川沿いは車は入れないため自力で運ぶしかなく、車が停められる場所から太い重い枝は手で抱えて何往復かして運び、細い枝はシートにくるんで下流部まで運搬。

落ち葉集め
山の中や土の上の落ち葉は自然に分解されて堆肥化されるので取らず、アスファルトやコンクリート上に溜まっている落ち葉を集めます。
用事があって近くの浄楽寺さんに伺った際、数年前に私も関わった「大地の再生®」の施工が行われた際、本堂周りのコンクリ側溝にも空気と水の動きを促すための穴を開けたのですが、この側溝にも落ち葉が堆積していたのでお寺の方の了解を得て落ち葉集め。穴を塞いでいたのでメンテ作業にもなり一石二鳥。




川の中に堆積している落ち葉も引き上げる
ある程度なら川の中に落ち葉が溜まって死水域や流れがゆっくりになる場所ができることは水生昆虫や小さな魚などの生息場所となるので良いと思いますが、河川の形や周辺がかなり人工化されており堆積した落ち葉は黒くヘドロ化する現象が起きているため、川の中に堆積している落ち葉も拾い上げておきます。


引き続き「しがら土留め」
作業は枝が足りず一段しか作れていなかった「しがら土留め」の高さを出す作業の続き。
ほんの5メートル幅の作業でも、軽トラで運んだ一杯分をあっという間に使い切ってしまった、、、
本当は周辺の手入れされていない山で高木剪定をして、その枝を使えればベストなのですが、現在の私たちにはその作業をする装備・技術はなく、また私有地が多く地主さんや行政の許可が必要などハードルが高いため、今のところは別の場所で剪定された枝を使わせて頂いています。


落ち葉の分解を助ける「セルロース」「リグニン」や「白色腐朽菌」
私がいろいろと学ばせて頂いている環境改善・再生作業をされていらっしゃる方々は、一様に「落ち葉は宝」と秋には必死に落ち葉集めをされ、土中に入れる、コンポストに入れる、しがらの裏込めに入れる、グランドカバーとして使うなど「なくてはならない資材」。
落ち葉は土壌や生態系を豊かにするために、どんなプロセスで分解されるのか?
調べてみたところ、簡潔にまとめると下記のようなプロセスとのこと。
菌類(カビ・キノコ)や細菌が分解し始める
→【細菌】
・Pseudomonas(シュードモナス)属
・Bacillus(バチルス)属
・Actinobacteria(放線菌類:Streptomyces〈ストレプトマイセス〉属など)
お手上げ級にさっぱりわかりません、、、💧
→【真菌】(カビ・キノコ類)
・Penicillium(ペニシリウム)属などのカビ
・ヒラタケ、シイタケなどキノコ類の白色腐朽菌
ミミズ・ダニ・昆虫などの小動物が落ち葉をかみ砕き、微生物が働きやすい状態にする。
微生物がセルロースやリグニンを分解し、養分を取り込みながら有機物を変化させる。
→【セルロース】(木綿、紙、野菜などの繊維質)
・植物の細胞壁の主成分。
・グルコースが一直線につながった多糖。
・繊維状の構造を作ることで、紙や木材の強度の源になる。
・人間には消化できないが、草食動物や多くの微生物は分解できる。
→【リグニン】(木材の硬さ、落ち葉のゴワゴワ感)
・フェニルプロパノイド由来の芳香族高分子。
・芳香環が不規則に結合した非常に複雑な構造で、決まった繰り返し単位を持たない。
・この複雑さと強固な結合のため、リグニンはセルロースより分解されにくく、特殊な白色腐朽菌など限られた微生物だけが本格的に分解できる。
・細胞同士を接着させ、木質を硬くし、倒れにく、腐りにくくする。
(詳しくは下記サイトで)
https://katosei.jsbba.or.jp/view_html.php?aid=1764
リグニンの「木質を固く、腐りにくくする」働きと「落ち葉を分解させる」働きは相反するように思い、その点について調べたところ、
・白色腐朽菌などがリグニンの構造を切断・酸化し、完全にバラバラにするというより、化学構造を壊す。
・細菌や他の菌類が分解された植物成分を利用し、代謝産物を出す。
・リグニン由来の断片と他の有機物が再結合することによりセルロースが露出し、他の微生物が利用可能になる(分解されながら、同時に安定した形に作り替えられる)。分解が進み、黒くて栄養を蓄えた安定した有機物(=腐植)ができ、腐葉土になる。
*どの菌が優占するかは樹種や土壌環境(標高・土壌タイプなど)によって大きく異なり、「特定の場所固有の微生物叢」が落葉分解の鍵になる。
*「酸素・水分」が適度、適温(15℃〜30℃位)、弱酸性土壌(pH5~6程度)、直射日光が当たらない半日陰〜日陰が適度な時に分解が良く進む。
これまで4回ほどお越し頂いている海藻増殖学者の新井章吾さんのお話の中にも「難分解性物質リグニン」「キノコ類」という言葉が出てきていたなと思い出すと同時に、「なぜ土中の空気循環や雨水浸透が大切なのか」も再度納得。
行政や企業が施工を行う際は「○メートル四方あたり資材費はいくら、耐久年数は○年」など数値化できないといろいろ不都合があるのだと理解はできますが、目的が防災や人間の利便性であっても、自然相手の場合はこういった小さな生物を含めた生態系の働きを考慮し、共同作業となるやり方が望ましいと思いますし、その方向へのシフトの様子は一部の行政や企業にも見られるので、私たちも小さな実験的な作業ではありますが、経過観察しつつ学びつつ、今年も作業を進めていきます。
活動への参加にご興味持っていただける方は、ぜひ下記宛にメールでご連絡下さい。chottojapan@icloud.com
本年も引き続き、どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。
(水の環つなぎ活動主宰:三木真理子)
December Work Report
Lessons from Collecting Fallen Leaves: Lignin & White-Rot Fungi
I was busy at the end of the year, so my December activity report ended up crossing over into the new year.
Happy New year and wishing you a bright, fresh start!
This year as well, we will continue our activities with the aim of “connecting care for the land (watershed) to the restoration of the marine environment.” We’ll move forward —"chotto", little by little, by observing carefully and learning through trial and error, without putting human convenience or a human-centered viewpoint first.
Fallen leaves and branches are “resources”
Throughout December, we kept busy collecting fallen leaves and branches. This time of year especially, huge amounts of leaves fall. If they are simply cleaned up and thrown away as “trash,” or if they flow from rivers into the sea and accumulate on the seabed, they can turn into sludge. So we collect them beforehand, store them, and make effective use of them as materials.
We picked up pruned branches from a friend’s property, borrowing a mini truck from another friend.

Since cars can’t enter the riverside areas, everything had to be carried by hand. From the nearest parking spot, we made several trips carrying thick, heavy branches in our arms, while thinner branches were wrapped in sheets and transported downstream.

Collecting Fallen Leaves
We don’t collect fallen leaves in the mountains or on soil, where they naturally decompose and become compost. Instead, we focus on leaves that accumulate on asphalt or concrete surfaces.
When I visited Joraku-ji Temple located 5 minutes drive from our activity site for an errand, I noticed fallen leaves piled up in the concrete drainage channels around the Main Hall. A few years ago, large-scale "Daichi no Saisei® " (Regeneration of the Earth) work which I was involved, was carried out there, and holes were made in the concrete drains to encourage the movement of air and water.
With permission from the temple staff, we collected the leaves that had built up in the channels. Since the leaves were blocking the holes, this also worked as maintenance.




Removing Leaves Accumulated in the River
To some extent, collecting fallen leaves in a river can be a good thing. Slow-flow areas and small pools made from the piled fallen leaves can become habitats for aquatic insects and small fish. However, in this river, the channel shape and surrounding area are highly artificial, and the accumulated leaves were turning black and muddy which is negatively affecting living organisms here.
Because of this, we also pulled out the leaves that had built up in the river.


Continuing the "Shigara" Retaining Fence Building Work
We continued working on the "shigara", soil retaining structure, which had only been built to one level because we were short on branches last month. Even for a stretch just five meters wide, we quickly used up a full mini-truck load of branches.
Ideally, we would prune tall trees along the river, which makes the area too dark, however, at the moment we don’t have the equipment or skills for that kind of work. Many areas are also privately owned, so permission from landowners or local authorities would be required, so it's not work that we can do at the moment.
Cellulose, Lignin, and White-Rot Fungi: Helping Fallen Leaves Break Down
People involved in environmental improvement and restoration work—especially those I follow closely—often say, “Fallen leaves are treasures.”
In autumn, they eagerly collect leaves and use them as essential materials: mixing them into soil, adding them to compost, packing them behind "shigara" structures, or using them as ground cover.
So how exactly do fallen leaves break down and enrich soil and ecosystems?
After looking into it, the process can be summarized like this:
Microorganisms such as fungi (molds and mushrooms) and bacteria begin decomposition.
→ Bacteria
・Pseudomonas
・Bacillus
・Actinobacteria (such as Streptomyces)
Honestly, those terms are a bit overwhelming for me… 💧
→ Fungi (molds and mushrooms)
・Molds such as Penicillium
・White-rot fungi like oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms
Small creatures such as earthworms, mites, and insects chew and break down the leaves, making them easier for microorganisms to work on.
Microorganisms then decompose cellulose and lignin, absorbing nutrients and transforming the organic matter.
→ Cellulose (fibers found in cotton, paper, vegetables)
・The main component of plant cell walls
・A polysaccharide made of straight chains of glucose
・Its fibrous structure gives strength to paper and wood
・Humans can’t digest it, but herbivores and many microorganisms can
→ Lignin (what makes wood hard and fallen leaves stiff)
・A complex aromatic polymer derived from phenylpropanoids
・Made of irregularly bonded aromatic rings, with no repeating pattern
・Because of this complexity and strong bonding, lignin is harder to decompose than cellulose
・Only certain microorganisms, such as white-rot fungi, can break it down effectively
・It binds plant cells together, making wood tough, resistant to decay, and less likely to fall over
Lignin’s role in making wood hard and resistant to decay seemed contradictory to the process of breaking down fallen leaves. So I looked further and learned that:White-rot fungi partially break and oxidize lignin’s structure, not simply shredding it but chemically altering it
Bacteria and other fungi then use the decomposed plant components and produce metabolic byproducts
Fragments of lignin recombine with other organic matter, exposing cellulose and making it accessible to more microorganisms
(In other words, while decomposition continues, the material is also reorganized into a more stable form.)
As decomposition progresses, dark, nutrient-rich, stable organic matter—humus—is formed, eventually becoming leaf mold.
Which microorganisms dominate depends greatly on tree species and soil conditions (such as elevation and soil type). Local, site-specific microbial communities are key to leaf decomposition.
Decomposition proceeds best when oxygen and moisture are balanced, temperatures are moderate (around 15–30°C), soils are slightly acidic (pH 5–6), and the area is in partial shade to shade rather than direct sunlight.
I was reminded that terms like “lignin” and “fungi” had been taught by marine algae researcher Shogo Arai, who we have invited to give us a lecture four times so far. At the same time, it reinforced my understanding of why air circulation in soil and rainwater infiltration are so important.
When governments or companies carry out construction projects, I understand that they need measurable figures—such as cost per square meter or expected lifespan—to make decisions. However, even when the goal is disaster prevention or human convenience, working with nature means considering ecosystems, including small organisms, and treating the process as a collaboration.
Some local governments and companies are beginning to move in this direction, but it still seems in the stage of “experimental.” In the same spirit, our work is also small-scale and experimental. We will continue observing, learning, and adjusting as we go this year.
If you’re interested in our activities, please feel free to contact us by email to chottojapan@icloud.com .
(Text: Mariko Miki, organizer)
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