7. Is Sci-Fi Now Reality? The Amazing Potential of 'BMI' Technology Connecting Brains and Computers, and What We Should Consider
What if you could move a game character freely just by thinking about it in your head?
What if you could convey your thoughts to your loved ones even if you couldn't speak?
What if you could move a lost limb with your own will, just as if it were real?
Hearing stories like this, you might feel as if they belong to the world of sci-fi movies or novels depicting the future. However, this is no longer a dream of the distant future. Directly connecting our 'brains' to 'computers,' conveying what we think in our hearts to machines, and making them move—such astonishing technology is now on the verge of becoming reality.
The name of this technology is 'Brain-Machine Interface,' or 'BMI' for short 1.
This technology is lighting a great beacon of hope for people who have difficulty moving their bodies due to illness or injury, allowing them to connect with the world once again 3. On the other hand, because it holds the potential to fundamentally change our lives, it also poses very deep and important questions to us, such as 'what does it mean to be human?' and 'what is the mind?' 5.
In this article, I would like to explore the world of Brain-Machine Interfaces with you. From the basics of how it works, to cutting-edge research being conducted around the world, and even future discussions on how we should face this technology. By the time you finish reading this article, you will surely be standing at the forefront of this exciting, and perhaps slightly nerve-wracking, technology.
Now, let's set off together on a journey to a future where brains and computers are connected.
Chapter 1: What is a Brain-Machine Interface, Anyway? — The 'Translator' Between Brain and Machine
First of all, what exactly is a 'Brain-Machine Interface (BMI)'? You might be able to guess from the name that it is 'something that connects the brain and a machine,' but let's look at its role in a little more detail.
Inside our brains, countless nerve cells (neurons) are constantly active. When we feel 'happy,' when we think 'sad,' when we decide to 'move our right hand.' All such thoughts, emotions, and intentions are expressed as very weak electrical signals traveling between nerve cells 7. You can think of the brain as speaking in a special language called 'electrical signals.'
This is where BMI comes in. To put the role of BMI in one word, it is a 'super-talented translator' 7.
The translator known as BMI listens to the 'language of electrical signals' spoken by the brain. It then decodes the meaning of those words and translates them into a 'digital language (commands)' that machines like computers or robotic arms can understand.
Only after receiving these translated commands can the machine move. It's like translating the brain's words, 'I want to move my hand,' into the machine's words, 'move the robotic arm.' We call this flow 'output-type BMI' 1.
In fact, this translator can also translate in the opposite direction. In other words, it can translate information from the machine side into a language the brain can understand (electrical signals) and send it to the brain. We call this 'input-type BMI' 1. For example, technology called 'artificial retina,' which converts light information captured by a camera into electrical signals and sends them to the brain so that someone who has lost their sight can perceive light, is a type of this input-type BMI 1.
In this way, BMI plays a very important role in standing between the brain and the machine, translating each other's languages, and making communication possible. In this article, we will explore this world deeply, focusing on 'output-type BMI,' which has seen remarkable progress in recent years—that is, the technology of moving machines with the thoughts of the brain.
Chapter 2: How Do We 'Listen' to the Brain's Voice? — Two Major Methods and a New Path
How does BMI 'listen' to the 'language of electrical signals' spoken by the brain? There are two main ways to listen. And now, a new third path, which is neither of those, is also being opened. Let's look at each method with some analogies.
Section 2.1: [Listening Gently from the Outside] Non-Invasive BMI
The first method is called 'non-invasive.' 'Invasive' is a medical term meaning to damage the body, so 'non-invasive' refers to a method that does not damage the body, meaning no surgery is required.
To use an analogy, this is like 'listening to what is happening inside a lively concert venue from the outside.' Even if you are outside the venue, you can hear the loud music and the cheers of the audience. You can grasp the general atmosphere, such as what kind of song is being played or how excited the crowd is. However, you cannot understand the fine details, such as the expression on the singer's face on stage or what the person in the next seat is saying.
Non-invasive BMI is similar to this. You wear a device like a headset or helmet on your head to read brain activity from above the scalp.
A representative technology is the 'Electroencephalogram (EEG).' This involves wearing a cap with many sensors on the head to catch the weak electrical signals (brain waves) that leak out from the brain through the skull. The biggest advantage of this method is, above all, that it is safe. Since no surgery is required, anyone can try it easily.
There is also a technology called 'fNIRS.' This measures which parts of the brain have active blood flow by shining safe near-infrared light onto the head. It utilizes the property that when the brain is active, a lot of blood carrying oxygen gathers in that area. The 'Flow' helmet-type device developed by the American company Kernel is attempting to examine brain activity in more detail by combining technologies such as fNIRS.
However, this method also has weaknesses. Just as the walls of a concert venue (the skull) block sound, brain waves become very weak while passing through the skull and tend to get mixed with surrounding noise (for example, electrical signals from muscles when moving the body). Therefore, the information that can be read is inevitably general, and the accuracy tends to be lower compared to the invasive type introduced next.
Section 2.2: [Going Inside to Talk Directly] Invasive BMI
The second method is 'invasive.' This is a method where electrodes that serve as sensors are placed directly into the brain through surgery.
To use the previous analogy, it is like 'picking up the voice of the singer performing right in front of you in the front row of a concert venue with a dedicated microphone.' With this, you can hear everything with surprising clarity, including the singer's breathing, whispering voice, and subtle emotional expressions.
Invasive BMI is the same; it can catch the extremely delicate and detailed electrical signals emitted by brain nerve cells directly from right beside them. Therefore, it is expected that information with incomparably higher precision than the non-invasive type can be obtained, and complex operations, such as moving each finger of a prosthetic hand or leg delicately, will become possible.
There are several types of this method as well. These include a method called 'ECoG (Electrocorticography)' where thin sheet-like electrodes are placed on the surface of the brain, and a method where electrodes like threads thinner than a hair are embedded inside the brain. The latter is famous because companies like Neuralink, founded by Tesla CEO Elon Musk, are advancing its development. Japan's RIKEN is also known globally for its research on ECoG electrodes that can be used stably for a long period.
However, the biggest challenge with this method is that brain surgery is required. Surgery always carries risks such as infection, and the safety of keeping foreign objects inside the body for a long period must also be carefully verified. It has high precision, but the burden on the body is also great. This is the current state of the invasive type.
Section 2.3: [A New Path] The Concept of 'Minimally Invasive' That Is Less Damaging to the Body
Wanting to achieve both high precision and safety—a new third path is now being born from the strong desire of such scientists. That is 'minimally invasive,' an approach that minimizes the burden on the body as much as possible.
To use an analogy, this might be like 'getting a special VIP pass for a concert venue and going right up to the stage through a secret passage without anyone noticing.'
A representative example of this is the 'Stentrode' device being developed by Synchron. Surprisingly, this method does not involve drilling a hole in the skull; instead, a catheter (a thin tube) is inserted into a blood vessel from near the chest, guided to the blood vessels inside the brain, and brain signals are eavesdropped on from inside the blood vessel. It is a groundbreaking idea that allows listening to signals from very close to the brain while avoiding the risk of damaging the brain itself.
Japanese universities are also leading the world in this field. At Osaka University, development is underway for an 'ultra-minimally invasive BMI system' that uses materials that are extremely soft and body-friendly, much like the brain's nerve cells 22. It is a true BMI of the future, aiming to demonstrate stable, high performance over long periods without placing a burden on the brain.
In this way, BMI research continues to evolve daily, taking on the major challenge of 'how to make it safe and accessible to many people,' rather than simply increasing accuracy.
Chapter 3: Amazing Things You Can Do with BMI — From a Ray of Hope to Future Living
Now that we understand how BMI works, let's look at the 'amazing things' this technology makes possible through specific stories. It is a light that gives hope to those fighting illness and is full of potential to enrich our future lives.
Section 3.1: A Ray of Hope in Medical Settings
Much of BMI research originally began with a strong desire to help people with physical disabilities 2. And now, those wishes are taking shape one after another.
Story 1: 'Speaking' with the Mind Again
There is a disease called 'ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis).' This is a very harsh condition where, despite consciousness and intelligence remaining clear, the muscles throughout the body gradually stop moving, eventually making it difficult to speak or even breathe 7.
For those fighting ALS, BMI can become a bridge to reconnect with the world. Casey Harrell, who participated in a clinical study in the United States called 'BrainGate,' used an invasive BMI implanted in his brain to successfully display words he thought of 'wanting to say' as text on a computer screen. The accuracy reportedly reached as high as 97% 24.
When he first tried this system, he reportedly shed tears of joy with his family as he watched the words he intended appear on the screen 24. It was the moment his closed-off heart was given a voice once again.
Neuralink is also conducting similar clinical trials, enabling patients with ALS or spinal cord injuries to operate computers or send messages just by thinking 26.
Story 2: Moving a 'Hand' with the Mind
BMI is also a great source of hope for people who have suffered spinal cord injuries in accidents and are paralyzed in their limbs.
In a study at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) in the United States, a man who had become unable to move his body due to a stroke successfully operated a robotic arm using an invasive BMI 29. By simply imagining 'clasping his hand' or 'grabbing a block' in his mind, he was able to move the robotic arm and accomplish daily tasks like drinking water on his own 29.
The amazing thing about this research is that as the human brain learns, the AI (artificial intelligence) also learns that 'this person's brain pattern means they want to perform this movement,' making the operation increasingly skillful 32. Humans and machines cooperate to regain lost functions.
Such technology has also been demonstrated in more accessible forms. At the opening ceremony of the 2023 Asian Para Games, a torchbearer wore a non-invasive smart band and performed an emotional act of lighting the cauldron by 'willing' it strongly. This was a symbolic event that clearly demonstrated the power of BMI technology to people around the world 33.
Story 3: Alleviating 'Pain' That Isn't There
BMI is also helping people in somewhat unusual ways. Some people who have lost hands or feet due to accidents suffer from a mysterious pain called 'phantom limb pain.' It is a condition where limbs that should no longer exist feel as if they are there and are in intense pain.
For this intractable pain, a team led by Professor Takufumi Yanagisawa at Osaka University has developed a groundbreaking treatment 34. They have patients use a non-invasive BMI device and focus on the thought of 'moving a hand that should not be there (phantom limb).' The BMI then reads that brain activity and moves a CG prosthetic hand displayed on a screen in front of them 36.
By repeating this training, the neural network in the brain related to the 'hand' is, so to speak, reorganized. As a result, it has been shown that brain activity patterns change and phantom limb pain is alleviated 37. This is a very important study that demonstrates the potential for BMI not only to move the body but also to act on the brain itself and treat even the sensation of 'pain'.
Section 3.2: How will our lives change?
The potential of BMI is not limited to the field of medicine. It may change our daily lives to be more fun and convenient.
Entertainment played with the mind
By using a non-invasive EEG headset, it might become possible to operate characters just by thinking about it, without having to hold a game controller 7. When combined with the worlds of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), it will likely enable an unprecedented, immersive experience as if you had truly entered that world 7.
A new form of 'telepathy'?
Conveying what you are thinking to someone else without using words. BMI might also make such 'telepathic' communication a reality 16.
This is also an astonishing study from Osaka University: a technology has been developed where, when a person imagines a specific image in their mind (e.g., a 'cat' or a 'car'), AI reads that brain activity, generates a related image, and displays it on a screen 38.
Although this is still at a basic stage, in the future, it could lead to the birth of entirely new communication tools that allow you to directly convey emotions or complex ideas that cannot be put into words as images to others.
Making daily life more convenient
If we imagine further into the future, we could pilot drones with brain waves, or operate home appliances like lights and air conditioners while at home 16. Or, while driving a car, it might become possible to open a map in your mind and check your destination without having to go to the trouble of operating the navigation system 16.
In this way, BMI is a technology with a very wide range of possibilities, from 'functional recovery' in medicine to 'ability expansion' in daily life. And it is this aspect of 'expansion' that leads us to the deep ethical questions we must consider in the next chapter.
Chapter 4: The Big Questions We Must Face — The Ethics of a Future Where Minds Connect
We have seen the wonderful possibilities that BMI brings. However, precisely because it is such a powerful technology, there are things we must stop and consider. These are not problems with the technology itself, but deep and significant questions about the 'mindset' and 'rules' of us humans and the society that uses that technology. Here, I would like to think about some important questions together with you.
Section 4.1: Who does 'my mind' belong to? — Privacy and individual dignity
The first question is about the 'inside of our minds'.
BMI is a technology that reads brain signals. It is wonderful that machines can read what a person wishes to 'convey' of their own volition, like Casey, an ALS patient 24. However, what if this technology evolves further and becomes capable of reading things the person does not want to share? 5.
For example, even if someone hides their sadness behind a smile, a BMI might detect their 'brainwave pattern of sadness.' Alternatively, it has been pointed out that it could be used as a kind of 'lie detector' to determine whether someone is lying based on their brainwaves 6. How should we protect our last bastion, 'privacy of the mind'? 6.
Even more serious is the danger of 'brain hacking.' If someone with malicious intent were to eavesdrop on brain information transmitted wirelessly, or even send fake signals to cause a BMI to malfunction, it would be a disaster 41. Researchers are sounding the alarm, stating that strict security measures must be incorporated from the early stages of technology development to prevent such dangers 42.
Section 4.2: Will a New 'Gap' Emerge? — The Issue of Fairness
The next question is about 'fairness.'
What would happen if BMI were used for 'ability enhancement,' such as improving memory or concentration, or speeding up learning? 21.
Imagine a society where only those who can afford expensive BMI devices gain an advantage in exams or achieve high results at work. This could be the beginning of a new 'gap society' where there is a significant difference in human ability not just due to innate talent or effort, but due to economic power 5.
The 'treatment' that many people need, and the 'ability enhancement' that some people desire. Where do we draw the line between these two? And how can we ensure that the benefits of this wonderful technology are shared fairly across society, rather than just by a select few? This is a very difficult problem that we must discuss seriously from now on 21.
Section 4.3: Whose 'Fault' Is It? — Where Responsibility Lies
The third question is about the location of 'responsibility.'
If someone operating a robotic arm with a BMI unintentionally breaks something or injures someone, who is responsible? 6.
Is it the person who was operating it? Or was there a problem with the AI program that decoded the brain signals? Or is the company that manufactured the BMI device responsible? Our current laws and social rules are built on the premise that a person 'acts of their own free will.' However, BMI interposes complex technologies like AI and computers between a person's 'intent' and their actual 'action.' This may render our current understanding of 'responsibility' obsolete, and new rule-making is required 42.
Section 4.4: How Will 'Being Human' Change? — The Question of Identity
The final question may be the most fundamental and philosophical one. It is about 'humanity' itself.
When our brains are directly connected to computers and we begin to share parts of our thoughts and memories with external devices, where do the contours of 'me' exist? 5.
One researcher is concerned that as these technologies become widespread, we might begin to view ourselves and others not as 'persons' with emotions and free will, but as 'machines' to be optimized or repaired 5. If you start to feel that your success is due to the performance of a BMI device rather than the result of your own effort, what will happen to your self-esteem and dignity as a human being?
The blurring of the boundary between brain and machine has the potential to significantly shake our self-perception—our identity—of 'what it means to be human.' It may have an impact as fundamental to our worldview as when scientific progress once revealed that 'the Earth is not the center of the universe' 5.
There are no simple answers to these questions. That is precisely why it is more important than ever for each of us—not just scientists and engineers—to think about this as our own personal issue and engage in dialogue.
Summary: The Future Is in Our Hands (and Brains)
So far, we have traveled through the exciting world of technology known as Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI).
We have seen that BMI acts like a 'translator' that interprets the languages of the brain and machines. We have learned about 'non-invasive' methods that do not require surgery, 'invasive' methods that work directly on the brain, and 'minimally invasive' methods that aim for the best of both worlds.
We have also seen how this technology serves as a beacon of hope, fulfilling the earnest wishes of people suffering from ALS or paralysis to 'speak' and 'move.' Furthermore, it holds the potential for a future that feels like science fiction, one that could make our lives even richer.
At the same time, however, we have seen that this immense power confronts us with deep and weighty questions that are not easily answered, such as 'privacy,' 'fairness,' 'responsibility,' and 'what it means to be human.'
BMI is not simply 'good' or 'bad.' It is a powerful 'tool' that carries both immeasurable benefits and significant challenges. Whether this tool becomes a force that opens up a truly happy future for humanity or a catalyst for new problems depends not on the technology itself, but on the choices we humans make from here on out.
In a future where this technology has become commonplace, what would you like to try doing?
What kind of rules or mindset do you think we need to live with this amazing technology without losing our humanity?
It is not just a handful of scientists who will write the next chapter of this story. It may be each one of you, who are learning this now and will carry the future on your shoulders. I would be very happy if you found even a few hints in this story to help you think about that future.
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