Restricted access

Other

First published June 1993

Request permissions

Psychology Constructs the Female; or the Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with Some Attention to the Fantasies of his Friends, the Male Biologist and the Male Anthropologist)

Naomi WeissteinView all authors and affiliations

Volume 3, Issue 2

https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353593032005

References

First page of PDF

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

1.

1. It should be noted that psychologists have been as quick to assert absolute truths about the nature of homosexuality as they have about the nature of women. The arguments presented in this article apply equally to the nature of `homosexuality; psychologists know nothing about it; there is no more evidence for the `naturalness' of heterosexuality than for the `naturalness' of homosexuality. Psychology has functioned as a pseudo-scientific buttress for our cultural sex-role notions, that is, as a buttress for patriarchal ideology and patriarchal social organization: women's liberation and gay liberation fight against a common victimization.

2.

2. I am indebted to Jesse Lemisch for his valuable suggestions in the interpretation of these studies.

3.

3. Schwarz-Belkin (1914) claims that the name was originally Mouse, but this may be a reference to an earlier L. Tiger (putative).

4.

4. All these are lower-order primates, which makes their behavior with reference to humans unnatural, or more natural; take your choice.

References

Astin, A.W. (1961) `The Functional Autonomy of Psychotherapy', American Psychologist 16: 75-78.

Barron, F. and Leary, T. (1955) `Changes in Psychoneurotic Patients with and without Psychotherapy', Journal of Consulting Psychology 19: 239-245.

Bergin, A.E. (1963) `The Effects of Psychotherapy: Negative Results Revisited', Journal of Consulting Psychology 10: 244-250.

Bettelheim, B. (1965) `The Commitment Required of a Woman Entering a Scientific Profession in Present-Day American Society', Woman and the Scientific Professions, paper presented at the MIT Symposium on American Women in Science and Engineering.

Block, J. (1968) `Some Reasons for the Apparent Inconsistency of Personality', Psychological Bulletin 70: 210-212.

Cartwright, R.D. and Vogel, J.L. (1960) `A Comparison of Changes in Psychoneurotic Patients during Matched Periods of Therapy and No-therapy', Journal of Consulting Psychology 24: 121-127.

Erikson, E. (1964) `Inner and Outer Space: Reflections on Womanhood', Daedalus 93: 582-606.

Eysenck, H.J. (1952) `The Effects of Psychotherapy: an Evaluation', Journal of Consulting Psychology 16: 319-324.

Fieldcrest (1965) Advertisement in the New Yorker.

Freud, S. (1963) The Sexual Enlightenment of Children. Collier Books Edition.

Fried, M.H. (1969) `Mankind Excluding Woman', review of Tiger's Men in Groups, Science 165: 883-884.

Goldstein, A.P. and Dean, S.J. (1966) The Investigation of Psychotherapy: Commentaries and Readings. New York: Wiley.

Hacker, H.M. (1951) `Women as a Minority Group', Social Forces 30: 60-69.

Hamburg, D.A. and Lunde, D.T. (1966) `Sex Hormones in the Development of Sex Differences in Human Behavior', in E.E. Maccoby (ed.) The Development of Sex Differences, pp. 1-24. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Hampton, J.L. and Hampton, J.C. (1961) `The Ontogenesis of Sexual Behavior in Man', in W.C. Young (ed.) Sex and Internal Secretions, pp. 1401-1432.

Harlow, H.F. (1962) `The Heterosexual Affectional System in Monkeys', The American Psychologist 17: 1-9.

Hooker, E. (1957) `Male Homosexuality in the Rorschach', Journal of Projective Techniques 21: 18-31.

Itani, J. (1963) `Paternal Care in the Wild Japanese Monkeys, Macaca Fuscata', in C.H. Southwick (ed.) Primate Social Behavior. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Little, K.B. and Schneidman, E.S. (1959) `Congruences among Interpretations of Psychological and Anamnestic Data', Psychological Monographs 73: 1-42.

Maccoby, Eleanor E. (1966) `Sex Differences in Intellectual Functioning', in E.E. Maccoby (ed.) The Development of Sex Differences, pp. 25-55. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Masters, W.H. and Johnson, V.E. (1966) Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little Brown.

Mead, M. (1949) Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World. New York: William Morrow.

Milgram, S. (1965a) `Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority', Human Relations 18: 57-76.

Milgram, S. (1965b) `Liberating Effects of Group Pressure', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1: 127-134.

Mitchell, G.D. (1969) `Paternalistic Behavior in Primates', Psychological Bulletin 71: 339-417.

Money, J. (1970) `Sexual Dimorphism and Homosexual Gender Identity', Psychological Bulletin 74: 6, 425-440.

Powers, E. and Witmer, H. (1951) An Experiment in the Prevention of Delinquency. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rheingold, J. (1964) The Fear of Being a Woman. New York: Grune and Stratton.

Rosenthal, R. (1963) `On the Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: The Experimenter's Hypothesis as Unintended Determinant of Experimental Results', American Scientist 51: 268-283.

Rosenthal, R. (1966) Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Rosenthal, R. and Fode, K.L. (1960) `The Effect of Experimenter Bias on the Performance of the Albino Rat', unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.

Rosenthal, R. and Jacobson, L. (1968) Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupil's Intellectual Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Rosenthal, R. and Lawson, R. (1961) `A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Experimenter Bias on the Operant Learning of Laboratory Rats', unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.

Rotter, J.B. (1960) `Psychotherapy', Annual Review of Psychology 11: 381-414.

Schachter, S. and Singer, J.E. (1962) `Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State', Psychological Review 69: 379-399.

Schwarz-Belkin, M. (1914) `Les Fleurs de Mal', in Festschrift for Gordon Piltdown. New York: Ponzi Press.

Storch, M. (1970) `Reply to Tiger', unpublished manuscript.

Tiger, L. (1969) Men in Groups. New York: Random House.

Tiger, L. (1970) `Male Dominance? Yes, Alas. A Sexist Plot? No', New York Times Magazine, Section N, 25 Oct.

Truax, C.B. (1963) `Effective Ingredients in Psychotherapy: An Approach to Unraveling the Patient-Therapist Interaction', Journal of Counseling Psychology 10: 256-263.

You currently have no access to this content. Visit the access options page to authenticate.