Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published online April 10, 2018

How modes of instrumental practice are distributed in three musical genres and among vocalists and instrumentalists at music colleges

Abstract

The present study investigates whether past and present instrumental practices differ across musical genres (jazz, folk music, classical music) and vocalists in relation to instrumentalists (N = 108). New findings were that vocalists and instrumentalists differed significantly in all practice experiences (p < .05–.001), whereas fewer differences were found across genres. In line with previous research, classical musicians engaged more in solitary practice than folk music and jazz musicians did (p < .001), yet jazz and folk music students practiced more in ensemble compared to classical musicians (p < .05). In addition, the results contrasted with the general view of solitary practice as a demanding and unpleasant activity, as all groups of music students found solitary practice to be a more positive than negative experience. Future studies are warranted to more closely and empirically investigate vocalists’ practice habits, and to examine how emotions are related to instrumental practicing in music education.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Araújo M. V., Hein C. F. (2016). Finding flow in music practice: An exploratory study about self-regulated practice behaviors and dispositions to flow in highly skilled musicians. In Harmat L., Ørstad Andersen F., Ullén F., Wright J., Sadlo G. (Eds.), Flow experience: Empirical research and applications (pp. 23–36). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Bakker A. B. (2005). Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 26–44.
Barrett L. F., Gross J., Christensen T. C., Benvenuto M. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 713–724.
Benedek M., Borovnjak B., Neubauer A. C., Kruse-Weber S. (2014). Creativity and personality in classical, jazz and folk musicians. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 117–121.
Borg E. (2007). On perceived exertion and its measurement (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Stockholm University, Sweden.
Borg G., Borg E. (2001). A comparison of AME and CR100 for scaling perceived exertion. Acta Psychologica, 109, 157–175.
Burwell K., Shipton M. (2011). Performance studies in practice: An investigation of students’ approaches to practice in a university music department. Music Education Research, 13, 255–271.
Chaffin R., Imreh G., Crawford M. (2002). Practicing perfection: Memory and piano performance. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Creech A., Papageorgi I., Duffy C., Morton F., Hadden E., Potter J., … Welch G. (2008). Investigating musical performance: Communality and diversity among classical and non-classical musicians. Music Education Research, 10, 215–234.
Csikszentmihalyi M., Rathunde K., Whalen S. (1993). Talented teenagers: A longitudinal study of their development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cutietta R. A. (2014). Raising musical kids: A guide for parents. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Engeser S., Shiepe-Tiska A. (2012). Historical lines and an overview of current research on flow. In Engeser S. (Ed.), Advances on flow research (pp. 1–22). New York: Springer.
Ericsson K. A. (2006). The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance. In Ericsson K. A., Charness N., Feltovich P. J., Hoffman R. R. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 683–703). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ericsson K. A., Krampe R. T., Tesch-Römer C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.
Ericsson K. A., Ward P. (2007). Capturing the naturally occurring superior performance of experts in the laboratory: Toward a science of expert and exceptional performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 346–350.
Green L. (2002). How popular musicians learn: A way head for music education. London: Ashgate.
Gruber H., Degner S., Lehmann A. C. (2004). Why do some commit themselves in deliberate practice for many years—and so many do not? Understanding the development of professionalism in music. In Radovan N., Dordevi N. (Eds.), Current issues in adult learning and motivation (pp. 104–128). Ljubljana: Slovenian Institute for Adult Education.
Hall N. C., Sampasivam L., Muis K. R., Ranellucci J. (2016). Achievement goals and emotions: The mediational roles of perceived progress, control, and value. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 313–330.
Hallam S. (2002). Musical motivation: Towards a model synthesizing the research. Music Education Research, 4, 225–244.
Hambrick D. Z., Macnamara B. N., Campitelli G., Ullén F., Mosing M. A. (2016). Beyond born versus made: A new look at expertise. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 64, 1–55.
Huang C. (2011). Achievement goals and achievement emotions: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 23, 359–388.
Jørgensen H. (1997). Time for practicing? Higher level students’ use of time for instrumental practicing. In Jørgensen H., Lehmann A.C. (Eds.), Does practice make perfect? Current theory and research on instrumental music practice (pp. 123–140). Oslo, Norway: Norges musikkhogskøle.
Jørgensen H. (2001). Instrumental training: Is an early start a key to success? British Journal of Music Education, 18, 227–239.
Jørgensen H. (2002). Instrumental performance expertise and amount of practice among instrumental students in a conservatoire. Music Education Research, 4, 105–119.
Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Juuti S., Littleton K. (2010). Musical identities in transition: Solo-piano students’ accounts of entering the academy. Psychology of Music, 38, 481–497.
Lehmann A. C., Gruber H. (2006). Music. In Ericsson K. A., Charness N., Feltovich P., Hoffman R. R. (Eds.). Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 457–470). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mach E. (1981). Great pianists speak for themselves. London: Robson.
Martin A., Jackson S. (2008). Brief approaches to assessing task absorption and enhanced subjective experience: Examining “short” and “core” flow in diverse performance domains. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 141–157.
Nielsen S. G. (2004). Strategies and self-efficacy beliefs in instrumental and vocal individual practice: A study of students in higher music education. Psychology of Music, 32, 418–431.
Sandgren M. (2005). Becoming and being an opera singer: Health, personality and skill acquisition (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Stockholm University, Sweden.
Sandgren M. (in press). Exploring personality and musical self-perceptions among vocalists and instrumentalists at music colleges. Psychology of Music.
Sandgren M., Borg E. (2018). Immediate well-being effects of choral singing. Manuscript in preparation.
Sloboda J.A., Davidson J. W., Howe M. J. A., Moore D. G. (1996). The role of practice in the development of performing musicians. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 287–309.
Steele C. J., Bailey J. A., Zatorre R. J., Penhune V.B. (2013). Early musical training and white-matter plasticity in the corpus callosum: Evidence for a sensitive period. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 1282–1290.
Suzuki Association of the Americas (2017, September 29). Retrieved from https://suzukiassociation.org.
Vuust P., Gebauer L., Hansen N.C., Jørgensen S. R., Møller A., Linnet J. (2010). Personality influences career choice: Sensation seeking in professional musicians. Music Education Research, 12, 219–230.
Williamon A., Valentine E. (2000). Quantity and quality of musical practice as predictors of performance quality. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 353–376.
Williams N. R. (2003). Occupational groups at risk of voice disorder: A review of the literature. Occupational Medicine, 53, 456–460.