Aphid identification

Apterae mostly yellowish or brown, some species dusted with white wax. Body with many long fine hairs. Ocular tubercles very small, especially in apterae. Antennal tubercles absent. Antennae covered with hairs, with terminal process shorter than base of antennal segment VI. Siphunculi well developed in females, on broad hairy cones; males lack siphunculi. Cauda very short, rounded. Tarsi normal. Formerly thought closely related to Anoecia, now in separate subfamily. Takahashi (1921)

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Krikoanoecia is still listed as a valid genus by Favret, but Blackman considered it "based on a vagrant sexupara of Eriosoma ulmi or a related species," hence a synonym of Eriosoma.

Body much covered with wax powder. Wings clouded along veins, unlike Aphis spp. Upper pair of apical primary hairs of second hind tarsal segment much longer than other primary hairs. Abdomen with 4 dorsal (spinal & pleural) hairs on each of abdominal segments I-VI. Alatae are without marginal sclerites on segments I-V. Marginal tubercles of abdominal segment VII below level of spiracles (like Aphis) in fundatrigenia, but at that level just behind spiracles (like Melanaphis) in fundatrix. Takahashi (1966)

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Apterae are medium sized, broad-bodied, dull reddish-black with banded antennae, & jet black siphunculi. Antennal tubercles very strongly diverging. Antennae about as long as body, with long terminal process. Apterae have secondary rhinaria on segment III, & frequently IV. Rostrum reaches middle of hind coxae, with apical rostral segment thick & blunt. Dorsal hairs long, fine & wavy with marginal hairs most numerous. Siphunculi tapering, about 0.2 x body length, with hardly developed flange. Cauda short, bluntly conical to rounded, with 18-24 long hairs. Differs from Aphis in having numerous marginal hairs, & secondary rhinaria in apterae. Hille Ris Lambers (1965)

Rather small aphids, green with greyish wax exudation. Antennal tubercles not developed. Apterae & alatae both have 4-segmented antennae, with long terminal process. Secondary rhinaria only present in alatae. First tarsal segments have 3,3,2 or 3,2,2 hairs. Apterae have smooth dorsal sclerotic shield, with stout dorsal hairs. Spiracular pores widely kidney-shaped. Marginal tubercles on abdominal segments I & VII, as in Aphis. Holman (1974)

Apterae are rather small dark green aphids, with dark siphunculi. Differentiated from Aphis by following characters: media of forewing usually with only 1 fork; terminal process rarely shorter than 4.5 x base antennal segment VI; cauda triangular. Genus was accepted by Heie (1986) as a single species genus including only Toxopterina vandergooti. Blackman treated Toxopterina as a subgenus of Aphis, & now includes both Aphis (Toxopterina) achillearadicis & Aphis (Toxopterina) vandergooti. Favret treats Toxopterina as a genus, with Toxopterina vandergooti as the only species in the genus. Heie (1986)

Mordvilkoiella jacutensis is pale yellowish green. Thought to be related to Hyalopterus, but have short 5-segmented antennae, siphunculi reduced to pores & no marginal abdominal tubercles. May be closer to subgenus Holcaphis of Diuraphis.

Only species Pseudotoxoptera pyrisucta is thought by Blackman in AWP to be a synonym of Aphis eugeniae. Closely related to Aphis subgenus Toxoptera, but Pseudotoxoptera differs in having the vocal ridges [=stridulatory surface] on the ventral surface of the abdominal segments not very distinct. Also the siphunculi are about 1.9 x longer than the cerci (for Toxoptera up to 1.40 x), and the cauda has 9-11 hairs (for Toxoptera more than 16). Zhang, Qiao & Zhong (2009)

Apterae are medium sized, colour unknown. Frons more or less straight. Antennae 6-segmented, with elongated terminal process. Without secondary rhinaria in aptera, present on segment III in alatae. Membranous abdominal dorsum with numerous very long, thick dorsal hairs on large dark sockets. Ventrally placed marginal tubercles on abdominal tergites I & VII. Close to Aphis, but dorsal hairs distinctive. Blackman in AWP comments that second species in genus, Swirskiaphis bambuciepula, more likely a Melanaphis. Hille Ris Lambers (1966)

Apterae rather small, with egg-shaped body, coloured dark green. They are without antennal tubercles and antennae are 5-segmented; terminal process is short. Marginal tubercles absent or inconspicuous. Siphunculi are slightly curved, swollen almost over whole length, and with bases and apices constricted. Cauda is absent. Nevsky (1929)

Apterae have median frontal tubercle and antennal tubercles undeveloped. Body dorsum is smooth without sclerites. Cauda is characteristic - semicircular at basal part and strongly constricted to pointed finger-shaped at distal part, and special anal plate which the hind margin forward indent to two conical tubercles. Qiao & Xu (2023)

Apterae medium sized, red-brown. Frons with low diverging antennal tubercles. Antennae 5-segmented, short, without secondary rhinaria. Rostrum stout, just reaching midcoxae; apical rostral segment blunt & thick. First tarsal segments bear 5,5,5, hairs. Tergum sclerotic, wrinkled, with polygonal pattern on spino-pleural areas of abdomen. Distinctive warty pitted siphunculi, broad at base, tapering sharply to apex, with opening obliquely placed. Cauda thumb-shaped with 2 pairs of hairs. Basu et al. (1970)

Apterae are medium sized, often brightly coloured orange, yellow, green with black Phorodon-like projections on the antennal tubercles, but head not spiculose. Spiracular apertures on abdominal segments I-V remarkably small. Paired processes on tergite VII and larger median one on VIII. Cauda has characteristic knobbed shape. Alatae with numerous tuberculate secondary rhinaria, hypha-like projections associated with the rhinaria, & much thinner, clavate siphunculi. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae are medium sized, rather elongate-bodied with long appendages. Colour is pale green to yellowish with irregular red spinal stripe. Antennal tubercles diverging, with barely noticeable median tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, with 3-5 secondary rhinaria in aptera. Rostrum very short, reaching to base of middle coxae. Siphunculi are characteristic - short, slightly & uniformly swollen over most of length, narrowing at base and apex. Cauda lanceolate, without constriction. Narzikulov (1958)

Apterae are medium sized, and pale brown or pale red. Genus characterized by having head spinulose, rather short antennal & dorsal abdominal hairs, slightly clavate siphunculi with distinct apical flange, and 4,4,4 hairs on first tarsal segments. Genus is close to Aulacorthum, but they have chaetotaxy of 3,3,3 hairs. Ghosh & Raychaudhuri (1972)

Only species, Antimacrosiphum bullacaudatum is medium sized with dark siphunculi. Antennae 6-segmented, longer than body. Basal part of segment III in aptera bearing one small secondary rhinarium. Rostrum reaching mid-coxae. Number of hairs on first tarsal segment 5,5,5. Siphunculi long, barrel-shaped, with apical one eighth reticulated. Cauda knobbed, basal third distinctly constricted. Related to Macrosiphum, but differs in cauda & secondary rhinaria. Blackman comments very similar to Sitobion so may not justify separate generic status. Zhang (1998)

Apterae rather large, dark green or brown, with dark dorsal pigmentation, pale siphunculi and blackish cauda. Both apterae and alatae have numerous secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III. Alatae have an extensive black dorsal abdominal patch. Close to Aphidura, but lacks mammiform process on mesothorax, has well defined marginal tubercles & many secondary rhinaria. Also close to Myzus. but has low antennal tubercles, many secondary rhinaria in aptera, unique sclerotization of body, & well defined marginal tubercles. Umarov & Ibraimova (1967)

Rather large aphids, coloured dark red, black or shining green. Antennal tubercles developed and rough, median frontal tubercle little-developed. Head & antennal tubercles spinulose ventrally. Apterae have few secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III, alatae somewhat more. Abdomen of apterae with pronounced marginal sclerites, often also dorsal segmental brown bars. Siphunculi dark pigmented, usually about 2-3 x cauda, with both pre- and post-siphuncular sclerites. Resemble Megourella, but antennal tubercles in Megourella almost completely devoid of spinules. Qiao et al (2006)

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Apterae are rather large, green with or without darker markings. Antennal tubercles high, diverging; frons has a wide groove & barely noticeable median tubercle. Antennae shorter than body; segment III without secondary rhinaria in aptera. Hairs on body, legs & antennae long & capitate. Marginal tubercles absent. Siphunculi long, asymmetrically swollen in middle, with convex opercula. Cauda short, rounded-triangular, shorter in length than width at base, with long hairs. Narzulikov (1957)

Apterae medium sized, & shiny pale yellow. Antennal tubercles of medium height, slightly diverging; median frontal tubercle very small. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body; secondary rhinaria present on segment III in aptera. Body hairs blunt or slightly capitate. Siphunculi sharply swollen in distal half. Cauda rounded conical, length shorter than width at base. Resembles Liosomaphis, but Berberidaphis have better developed antennal tubercles, longer antennae and a short rounded cauda. Narzikulov & Umarov (1969)

Single species in genus, Brachymyzus jasmini, is medium sized, with head, thorax and antennae blackish brown, abdomen greenish. Antennal tubercles low but distinct, scabrous & Myzus-like. Tergum in aptera pale and membranous. Siphunculi thick and truncate, Brachycaudus-like, with poorly developed flange & without preapical circumcision. Cauda short, with basal half expanded, more or less globular, distally narrow and bluntly conical. Basu (1964)

Rather small aphids, brown or green, with blackish-brown dorsal spots; covered with wax secretion. Body broadly oval, with weak marginal tubercles only on prothorax. Eyes lack ocular tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, with terminal process not longer than base of segment; sometimes rhinaria on segment III of aptera. Siphunculi swollen, shorter than cauda. Cauda broadly conical. Genus resembles Brachyunguis but eyes lack ocular tubercles. Blackman notes that spiracles on abdominal segments 1 and 2 widely spaced; indicates genus perhaps in Aphidini. Nevsky (1929)

Brevisiphonaphis hirsutissima is medium sized. Colour in life unrecorded. Antennal & medial tubercles undeveloped. Antennae 6-segmented. Long fine hairs on body and appendages. Dorsum not sclerotized, apart from very light brown band on tergite VIII and peritremes (= plates surrounding spiracles). Siphunculi extremely short, slightly conical, without flanges, no trace of polygonal reticulation. Stekolshchikov & Qiao (2008)

Apterae with rather large, egg-shaped, dark brown to blackish body. Antennal tubercles low & divergent. Antennal terminal process more than 5 x base segment VI. Secondary rhinaria in aptera on segments III & IV. Rostrum very long, reaches behind of hind coxae. Dorsal hairs pointed. Siphunculi subcylindrical with distinct flanges, with reticulated zone. Cauda cone-shaped with pointed apex. Single distinct process on anal plate. Similar to Uroleucon but differs by presence of secondary rhinaria in apterous females on antennal segments III-IV, & presence of process on anal plate. Kadyrbekov (2016)

Rather small aphids. Head with prominent diverging antennal tubercles with low rounded median frontal tubercle. Pleural & spinal tubercles (also described as scabrous dorsal processes) on abdominal dorsum with acute or acuminate hairs. Spinules in transverse rows in apical portion of tibiae and on tarsi. First tarsal chaetotaxy 3,3,3. Siphunculi swollen on both sides. Few caudal hairs. Perhaps related to Indomasonaphis. Ghosh & Raychaudhuri (1962)

Apterae rather small. Head with well developed antennal tubercles, but no mid-frontal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body; secondary rhinaria absent in aptera, on segments III & IV in alatae. Dorsal abdominal hairs numerous in both apterae & alatae, long with flagellated apices. Siphunculi cylindrical. Cauda bulbous medially, abruptly narrowed down to form tube-like structure. Very similar to Eumyzus, but has longer, finely pointed dorsal hairs and cauda similar to that of moss-feeding aphids. Chakrabarti & Bhattacharya (1982)

Most species medium sized, yellowish-green or whitish-green with dark sclerotised dorsal abdominal patch. Antennal tubercles low and diverging, with granules, small spines & scales; median tubercles little developed. Antennae shorter than or equal to body length, with long terminal process; secondary rhinaria on basal half segment III. Apical rostral segment long and conical. First tarsal segments with 3,3,3 hairs. Dorsum extensively sclerotized. Siphunculi cylindrical with 2-3 rows of reticulation at apex, and distal part heavily imbricated. Cauda short & dark. Somewhat resembles Aulacorthum, but adapted for root feeding & ant attendance. Yuan & Xue (1982), Pashtenko (2000)

Apterae are medium sized and green. Head has well developed, smooth antennal tubercles and median frontal tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, 1.45 x body, with terminal process about 4.6 x base segment VI. Rostrum reaches middle coxae, with apical rostral segment 1. 6 x basal width of segment. Siphunculi obviously swollen, strongly con0stricted below flange, 0.36 x body, and 3.8 x cauda. Cauda pentagonal. Rhopalosiphoninus is similar, but has rough antennal tubercles, siphunculi are shorter (0.20-0.33 x body), and cauda is triangular. Blackman in AWP commented that probably more closely related to Wahlgreniella. Zhang & Chen (1998)

Apterae medium sized, milky white with black antennal joints and tarsi. Antennal tubercles developed, but no median frontal tubercle. Antennae longer than body, with terminal process about 4-6 x base of segment VI. Antennal segment III has row secondary rhinaria. Apical rostral segment is obtuse, wedge shaped. All dorsal hairs blunt, not capitate, very short. Siphunculi slightly swollen or almost cylindrical, cauda short, round at apex with 9-12 long hairs. Alate is pale yellow with large dark dorsal patch; siphunculi and legs blackish. Latter similar to genus Cryptomyzus, but differs from that genus by very short, non-capitate hairs and absence of median frontal tubercle. Lee (2002)

Apterae medium-sized, yellowish-white in life with dark dorsal markings. Antennae longer than body. Rostrum reaches hind coxae. First tarsal chaetotaxy 2,2,2. Large dark spinopleural dorsal patches from mesonotum to tergite IV forming dorsal patch; further patches & bands on posterior tergites. Siphunculi long barrel-shaped, reticulated near apex, 3 x as long as cauda. Cauda nearly tongue shaped with 5 thick, short hairs. Thought to be related to Nearctaphis and Aulacorthum. Blackman in AWP commented it may belong in Micromyzella. Zhang & Qiao (2000)

Apterae medium sized, pale green, matt, elongated, fusiform, 3.0-3.5 x longer than wide. Has digitiform Phorodon-like processes on antennal tubercles. Antennae are 5-segmented, about 0.33 x body length, with terminal process longer than base of segment V; secondary rhinaria absent. Antennal hairs very short, only 0.25 x basal diameter of segment. Rostrum short, reaching middle coxae. Siphunculi reduced to circular pore. Cauda lanceolate in shape, narrowed very near base, broadly rounded at apex, and with many strong lateral hairs. Somewhat resembles Brachycolus, but has processes on antennal tubercles. Remaudiere (1964)

Apterae are rather small, pale greenish brown to dark brown, with pair of dark spots on dorsal abdomen. Antennal tubercles poorly developed, median tubercle higher than antennal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, without secondary rhinaria in aptera. Rostrum elongate, sharp wedge-shaped. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments 2,2,2. Body dorsum completely sclerotized. Dorsal body hairs long stiff, thick and capitate with tubercle at base. Siphunculi short barrel-shaped, swollen medially, with developed flange. Cauda tongue-shaped. Related to Chaitaphis. Zhang et al. (2016)

Eumaerosiphum aphids have a green body and a cauda of normal type. Head with well-developed antennal tubercles. Siphunculi are black, which distinguishes them from Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Shinji (1932)

Eumyzus are small to medium sized aphids. Head in apterae strongly spinulose. Antennal tubercles divergent. Antennae shorter than body. Dorsal hairs rather long and stiff, usually with tuberculate bases. Abdomen membranous, sometimes with warty corrugations. Siphunculi short, mostly densely imbricated, with or without a flange and never bearing any reticulation. Cauda conical, elongate usually with apical constriction. Diversity within genus rather high, may need revision. Chakrabarti & Bhattacharya (1985)

Apterae medium sized, coloured leaf green. Antennal tubercles with finger-shaped processes, inner edges almost parallel, with 4 hairs. Antennae about 0.67 x body length, with terminal process about 2.9 x base antennal segment VI. Tergum strongly wrinkled. Siphunculi swollen, about 0.25 x body length and 3.80 x cauda. Cauda tapered, with constriction in middle and 6 hairs. Zhang et al. (1999)

Apterae rather large, & shining black. Head with diverging antennal tubercles. Antennae slightly longer than body, with secondary rhinaria on segment III. Head & thorax sclerotized, with large thoracic spiracles. Possibly related to Delphiniobium, but has 5 hairs on first tarsal segments, and tapering siphunculi bearing hair. Blackman notes genus is described from only 2 specimens and may be Macrosiphoniella lazoica (found on same host). Pashtshenko (2000)

Apterae rather large, pale green, with longitudinal dark green stripe on each side of thorax and anterior abdomen. Head with low diverging antennal tubercles. Antennal segment III with few rhinaria. Tergum pale membranous; clothed with very long hairs with finely drawn out apices. Siphunculi quite long & stout, widest at base, narrowest before flange, slightly expanded again on distal half, with preapical part reticulated. Cauda tongue-shaped, usually shorter than basal width. Characterised by long body hairs, stout siphunculi and short cauda. Basu (1968)[1967]

Adult apterae very large and greenish. Head with distinct frontal tubercles. Antennae long and slender, without secondary rhinaria in aptera. Abdominal dorsum papillated. Dorsal hairs long with knobbed apices and tuberculate bases. Siphunculi distinctly swollen without reticulations. Cauda elongate with many fine hairs. Papillate body, long antennae, and capitate hairs suggest relationship with Chaetosiphon, and tuberculate bases to hairs is similar to Ericolophium (=Neoacyrthosiphon). Ghosh & Verma (1973)

Apterae medium sized, pale, with dark joints to antennal segments, and dark antennal terminal process, femoral and tibial apices, and tarsi. Dorsum has long thick capitate hairs. First tarsal segments have 5 hairs. Apical rostral segment relatively long & hairy. Siphunculi with hairs and polygonal reticulation. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Head spinulose. Antennae about as long as body, with hairs on segment III about as long as or longer than segment width. Long dorsal hairs on abdomen. Hairs of body and antennae not spatulate at tip. Siphunculi slightly swollen apically. Cauda short, conical or tongue-shaped. Alate viviparous female has large central sclerite on abdomen. Resembles Cryptaphis, but hairs not apically expanded, & siphunculi are clavate. Miyazaki (1971)

Images of Hydronaphis impatiens available from Kim et al. (2008)

Apterae medium sized, whitish, yellow or green. Head lacks both antennal & median frontal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, with no secondary rhinaria in apterae. Tergum is pale & membranous, bearing rather thin long hairs with finely drawn out apices. Alatae have solid pigmented area from tergites II-V, & transverse bands on tergites I & VI-VIII. Second tarsal segments with spinular imbrication. Siphunculi very thick without flange. Cauda pale and more or less tongue-shaped. Genus closely related to Ericolophium. Basu (1969), Ghosh (1991)

Apterae medium sized. Dorsum of head spinulose. Antennal tubercles with almost parallel margins. Apterae without secondary rhinaria. Hairs on frons, flagellum and body with lanceolate to capitate apices. Hairs on abdominal dorsum on low tubercles. Number of hairs on first tarsal segment 3,3,2. Fore wings of alate with media forked once, radial sector fused in middle with outer branch of media; wing veins bordered brown. Siphunculi slightly clavate on distal half, cauda elongate. Chakrabarti et al. (1972)

Apterae rather large to very large, elongate oval, green, yellow or brown in colour; alatae have dark dorsal markings. Antennal tubercles developed and diverging, with median tubercle slightly developed. Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria, alatae with numerous secondary rhinaria. Dorsal abdominal hairs, at least spinally, placed on tubercles. Hind tarsi spinulose. Siphunculi cylindrical for basal part, then swollen in middle, before narrowing again to apex. Cauda elongate, tongue shaped with many hairs. Spinulose hind tarsi & numerous secondary rhinaria similar to other Rhododendron feeders Chaetomyzus, Ericolophium & Indiaphis. Verma (1971)

Apterae of Indomegoura indica rather large, orange yellow, covered in white wax. Spiracular sclerites of thorax not strongly produced, with openings of normal size. First tarsal segments each have 3 hairs. Siphunculi wholly black, very thick only about 5 x as long as their smallest width on basal half, slightly swollen with maximum swelling near middle of their length, and reticulated at apices. Genus Delphiniobium is somewhat similar to Indomegoura, but has spiracular sclerites of thorax strongly produced, with opening very large and round, and siphunculi slender, paler than cauda basally. Zhang & Qiao (1998)

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Apterae blackish brown. Head spinulose, with low diverging antennal tubercles. Antennal segment III & sometimes IV have secondary rhinaria. Apical rostral segment longer than second hind tarsal segment. Tergum dark sclerotic, with dorsal hairs conspicuous, longer than basal diameter of antennal segment III (similar to Micromyzodium). Siphunculi dark, more or less cylindrical, imbricated, 1.67-2.0 x cauda. Cauda dark, subpentagonal, with 4 hairs. Ghosh et al. (1971)

Apterae rather small, oval, dark-coloured with slight pruinosity. Slightly convex forehead without trace of frontal tubercles. Antennae 5-6 segmented, slightly more than half body length. Secondary rhinaria normally absent. Dorsum has numerous, long pointed hairs, not swollen at apex. Number of hairs on first tarsal segment 3,3,3. Siphunculi extremely short, shorter than diameter, with no flange; operculum reduced to atrophied pore. Cauda rounded, very short, only about half as long as basal width. Shape of siphunculi is Hydaphias-like, but chaetotaxy, length of siphunculi and cauda, and dorsal hairs all differ. Remaudiere & Davatchi (1959)

Kaochiaoja arthraxonis apterae are shining dark brown (or salmon pink to reddish brown) with yellowish brown head; Kaochiaoja sikkimensis are shining black with yellowish brown head. Antennal tubercles well developed, inner sides parallel or slightly diverging. Apterae without secondary rhinaria; alatae with them on III & IV. Dorsum usually with black mark over thorax and most of abdominal segments to form black quadrate patch; alatae have black patch on segments IV-VI. Siphunculi cylindrical, about 1.5 x cauda, with few reticulations at apex, & large flange. Cauda elongate, a little constricted at middle, with hairs on each side below constriction. Similar to Neomyzus, but no secondary rhinaria at base of segment III. Tao (1963)

Apterae are rather large, with an elongate elliptical body. Antennal tubercles developed, with inner sides diverging. Antennae 0.83 x body, bearing 15 capitate hairs on segment III, as well as 11-12 secondary rhinaria. Rostrum reaches mid-coxae, with apical rostral segment 0.93 x second hind tarsal segment. Dorsal hairs of body capitate at apex. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments 4,4,4. Siphunculi long, about two x cauda, barrel shaped, basal part pale. Cauda long, tongue shaped with 7-8 capitate hairs. Related to Microsiphum, but that genus has dorsal hairs pointed at apex, siphunculi shorter than cauda, & cauda short triangular. Zhang (1998)

Apterae have well-developed antennal tubercles. Siphunculi without flange. Cauda has basal part broad, and distal part slender. Apparently close to Jacksonia. Blackman in Aphids on Worlds Plants comments it could be Myzus isodonis. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae are medium sized, spindle shaped aphids, greenish with light wax coating. Antennae & median tubercles are hardly visible, with 12-16 hairs on front of head. Antennae are short, 0.25-0.38 x body length, with terminal process short; without secondary rhinaria in aptera, only on segment III in alate. First segment of tarsi has 3,3,2 hairs. Dorsal cuticle reticulated, dorsal hairs thickened. Marginal tubercles absent. Tergite VIII has 12-20 hairs. Siphunculi short, only 0.55-0.75 x cauda, conical or keg-shaped with small but distinct flange. Cauda is triangular and bears 6-10 long hairs. Related to Brevicoryne and Brachycolus. Kadyrbekov & Shao (2002)

Apterae are medium sized, grass-green. Median frontal tubercle no higher than antennal tubercles, with 2 short conical tubercles on ventral side of head. Antennae 0.33 x body length, with terminal process about 1.3 x base segment VI. Rostrum only reaches base of midcoxae. Body hairs short, thick and capitate. No marginal tubercles. Siphunculi cylindrical, slightly swollen at distal end. Cauda conical with 4 hairs. Alate vivipara has no secondary rhinaria on antennal segment IV. Resembles Spatulophorus and Micraphis. Zhang (1981)

Only species, Loniceraphis paradoxa, has rather large lightly waxed, whitish green fundatrices. Antennal tubercles very low, with diverging inner edges; no median frontal tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body; segment III shorter than segments IV & V combined, & terminal process about 3 x base of segment VI. Rostrum very short, not reaching mesocoxae. No marginal tubercles. Siphunculi thin, cylindrical, slightly widened at base. Cauda short, broadly triangular, with 6 hairs. Emigrant alatae have green abdomen, with large black spot on dorsum on tergites II-V. Secondary rhinaria on segments III & IV. Narzikulov & Umarov (1969)

Apterae of Macromyzella polypodicola are yellow, orange or cream-coloured, with black siphunculi and cauda. Head slightly convex at middle of front, antennal tubercles developed, but median tubercle low. Antennae are without secondary rhinaria on segment III; terminal process about 6 x base of segment. Apical rostral segment about 6 x second hind tarsal segment. Abdominal dorsum is unsclerotized apart from large brown postsiphuncular sclerites on tergite VI. Dorsal hairs on anterior segments short, about 0.5 x middle diameter of antennal segment III, and without scleroites at bases. Resembles Macromyzus, but Macromyzella has shorter hairs and unsclerotized dorsum. Takahashi (1963) (as Macromyzus polypodicola).

Medium to large Asian fern-feeding species. Apterae yellowish or brownish. Head has dorsum and venter spinulose. Antennal tubercles developed, with inner margins diverging. Antennal segment III in apterae with or without secondary rhinaria; segments III & IV in alatae have round protruberant secondary rhinaria. Number of hairs on first tarsal segment 4,4,4 or 4,4,3. Dorsal cuticle rugged with raise dark scleroites. Siphunculi cylindrical with spinulose imbrications and 6-10 rows of reticulation at apex. Cauda in aptera coniform, in alate more elongated, with 4-6 hairs. Su & Qiao (2010)

Apterae medium sized, dark brown. Antennal tubercles low, strongly diverging at inner sides. Antennae are long; apterae have secondary rhinaria on segment III. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments 5,5,5. Body densely hairy, the hairs being very long and flagellate. Abdomen membranous, with ante- and postsiphuncular sclerites well developed, without scleroites on anterior segments. Siphunculi elongate, cylindrical, reticulated at apex, with many hairs. Related to Macrosiphoniella, but they have 3,3,3 hairs on first tarsal segments. Also related to Uroleucon, but neither body nor siphunculi in that genus are very hairy. Miyazaki (1971)

Apterae medium sized, yellowish green with milky tint, brown head, black siphunculi, very large black postsiphuncular sclerites, & pale cauda. Antennal tubercles high, diverging at inner sides; median tubercle not developed. Antenna black, long, with secondary rhinaria only on segment III in both apterae & alatae. First segment of all tarsi with 4 hairs. Abdomen membranous, with marginal and siphuncular sclerites well developed, without scleroites or marginal tubercles. Siphunculi subcylindrical, reticulated at apex, longer than cauda. Miyazaki (1971)

Apterae green, dusted with greyish wax. Antennal tubercles low & weakly diverging, with no median tubercle. Antennae shorter than body, with terminal process 3 x base of segment VI. Antennal segment III has 1 secondary rhinarium. Rostrum extends beyond base of hind coxae. Dorsal hairs sparse, needle-like with blunt apex. Prothorax and abdominal tergites II-IV usually have well-developed marginal tubercles. Siphunculi cylindrical, with reticulation on apical half, with distinct flange. Cauda short, finger-shaped conical, with weak constriction. Similar to Metopeurum, but that genus is without marginal tubercles. Narzikulov & Smilova (1975)

Apterae rather small, yellow or greenish. Frontal tubercles very short. Antenna 0.3-0.4 x body, with terminal process 1.2-2.0 x base of antennal segment VI. Apical rostral segment stout, not stiletto-shaped, same length as second hind tarsal segment, with 2 secondary hairs. First tarsal segments have 3,3,3 or 3,3,2 hairs. Thoracic and abdominal tergites sclerotic, and papillated or corrugated. Dorsal hairs of body minute. Abdominal segment VII roundly produced posteriorly. Possibly related to Coloradoa, but apical rostral segment not stiletto-shaped. Takahashi (1923) as Cerosipha

Apterae yellow or black, with head dark sclerotic with warts. Antennal tubercles prominent, inner sides almost parallel. Antennae longer than body, with terminal process 5.5-7.6 x base of antennal segment VI. Secondary rhinaria absent in apterae, present on segment III in alatae. Dorsal integument sclerotic & deeply pigmented in both apterae & alatae. Dorsal hairs of body thick and long. Siphunculi cylindrical, with constriction below apical flange. Cauda acuminate, with 4-7 hairs. Related to Micromyzus & Micromyzella, but those genera do not have long dorsal body hairs. David (1958), Su et al. (2014)

Apterae medium sized, broadly elliptical, dark reddish brown dorsally, with mainly dark appendages. Antenna 0.5-0.7 x body length; segment III without secondary rhinaria. Body, legs and antennae with long, rigid hairs. Abdomen with tergum uniformly sclerotized, pigmented, smooth, with small marginal tubercles on segments I-V. Siphunculi rather short, gradually tapering or abruptly attenuated on apical half, 2.5-3.5 x as long as wide at base, with 5-8 long rigid hairs & well developed flange. Cauda semi-circular, with 4-6 hairs. Related to Sappaphis, but that does not have strongly sclerotized tergum or rigid hairs. Miyazaki (1971), Stekolshchikov (2014)

Apterae rather small to medium-sized, oval in shape, and (in cases known) shiny brownish-black or black in life. Head with rather low but distinct Myzus-like antennal tubercles. Tergum slightly sclerotic and wrinkled. Dossal hairs minute. Stigmal pores of tergites VI & VIII much larger than those on preceding tergites (as in Akkaia). Siphunculi strongly imbricated, gradually tapering, constricted before well developed flange. Cauda elongate heart-shaped to pentagonal. Considered close to Akkaia, but differs in having no frontal processes on antennal tubercles; also cauda not knobbed. Basu (1969)

Apterae medium-sized; colour of apterae in life unknown. Dorsum of head granulated. Antennal tubercles very developed, protruding forward and almost parallel on inner sides. Antennae 6-segmented, scaly, with terminal process about 4 x base of antennal segment VI. Apterae without secondary rhinaria, alatae with rhinaria on III-V. Antennal and dorsal hairs short & fine. Rostrum stout extending beyond second coxae. Dorsum integument granulated. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments 3,3,3. Siphunculi cylindrical, narrowing towards apex, with 4 rows of reticulations & large flange. Cauda elongate, tongue-like with 3 long hairs on each side. Related to Myzus, but that genus does not have subapical reticulation on siphunculi. Tao (1964)

Fundatrices of Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola rather large, dirty yellow, with black-tipped siphunculi. Fundatrices of Neorhopalomyzus lonicerisuctus are dark brown, dusted with white wax powder. Antennal tubercles well developed, moderately projecting inwards. Antennal segment III without secondary rhinaria in apterae, present in alatae. Abdomen of alate with dorsal transverse and siphuncular sclerites. Siphunculi swollen near middle, with some imbrications below flange, much longer than cauda. Cauda tapering, and anal plate broadly rounded. Tao (1963)

Fundatrix without distinct frontal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, without secondary rhinaria. No marginal or spinal tubercles. Siphunculi not reticulated, cauda very short. Emigrant alatae with few rhinaria on segment III-IV, first tarsal segments with 4,4,4 hairs, abdomen with Myzus-like dark dorsal abdominal patch Resembles Dysaphis (Pomaphis), but lacks marginal or spinal tubercles, and has first tarsal segments with 4,4,4 hairs. Hille Ris Lambers (1965)

Apterae medium sized, probably pale, wax covered. They are without antennal and median frontal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, with terminal process longer than base of antennal segment VI. Apterae without secondary rhinaria; alatae with numerous secondary rhinaria on antennal segments III-V. Eyes without ocular tubercles. Rostrum reaches beyond mid coxae. Hairs on first tarsal segments 2,2,2. Abdominal tergum membranous. Dorsal abdominal hairs short & pointed. Siphunculi clavate, without flange. Apterae have peculiar cauda with curved, horn-like hairless apex; alatae have elongate triangular cauda with hairy apex. Chakrabarti & Bhattacharya (1982)

Apterae are medium-sized, brownish green with dark siphunculi. Most characteristics as in Aphis, but with small marginal tubercles on prothorax, and on abdominal segments IV or V. Usually also 2 small spinal tubercles on segment VIII, rarely also on VII. Apical rostral segment quite long. Siphunculi very short & swollen, about 4 x as long as wide. Cauda broadly plate shaped, somewhat pointed, about as long as wide, and significantly shorter than the siphunculi. Alatae have numerous secondary rhinaria on ANT III-V and an extensive black dorsal abdominal patch. Resemble Brachycaudus but with reniform spiracular apertures, and with long apical rostral segment adapted for feeding on Asteraceae. van der Goot (1917)

Apterae rather small, pale green, with dusky antennae. Antennal tubercles have prominent Phorodon-like digitiform process extending forward. Antennae 6-segmented, with terminal process longer than base of antennal segment VI. First antennal segment bears mesial projection. Thoracic & abdominal cuticle densely papillated, & bearing capitate setae. Siphunculi cylindrical, imbricated over whole length, and narrowed backward from mid-point. Anal plate rounded. Alatae undescribed. Tseng & Tao (1938)

Apterae are medium-sized, Polytrichaphis fragilis is yellowish green, Polytrichaphis illicius is black. Antennal tubercles distinct, median frontal tubercle slightly developed. Antennae 6-segmented, longer than body; secondary rhinaria absent in aptera, present in alate on antennal segments III-V. First tarsal segments have 2,2,2 hairs. Media vein of alate forewing 2-branched, hind wing with 2 oblique veins, wing veins bordered with black bands. Siphunculi more or less cylindrical with distinct flange at apex. Cauda elongate tongue-shaped, not constricted. Miyazaki (1971), Qiao & Zhang (2001)

Apterae medium sized to rather large, yellowish red to pink or yellow-green, with front of head, part of siphunculi and cauda all dusky to dark. Siphunculi distinctly clavate. Cauda with only five hairs. Genus was synonomized with Aulacorthum, but using both molecular and morphometric analyses Lee et al. (2011) showed that A. magnoliae and A. nipponicum formed a clade that is not closely related to other Aulacorthum spp. They named the genus Neoaulacorthum, now synonomized with Pseudomegoura. Lee et al. (2011)

Appearance in life unknown. Aptera has antennal tubercles well developed & divergent. Secondary rhinaria present on antennal segments III-V along entire length of each segment. Apical rostral segment has 24-40 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments have 3,3,3 hairs. Hairs on appendages long, thick and rigid with wide capitate apices. Abdominal dorsum wrinkled with large tubercles, wide at bases. Siphunculi clavate, narrower basal part clearly longer than swollen part and narrower than half of swollen part. Cauda is tongue shaped, not constricted, longer than its basal width. Genus has affinities to Eucarazzia and Klimazewskia. Kanturski & Stekolshchikov (2018)

Apterae medium-sized, colour in life unknown, probably brown or black. Head with low antennal tubercles and low or absent median tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, with short terminal process. Antennal segment III bears a few secondary rhinaria. Rostrum long reaching to hind coxae, with apical rostral segment bearing many hairs. First and second tarsal segments spinulose. First tarsal segments have 3,3,3 hairs. Tergum dark and sclerotic with dark bands on tergites VII & VIII. Hairs on dorsum short with capitate apices. Siphunculi clavate, swollen on distal half, with scaly pattern before flange. Cauda short, tongue-shaped, not constricted, with small number of hairs. Barjadze & Ozdemir (2014)

Apterae are small to medium-sized, black in life with dark siphunculi & some wax powder. Antennal tubercles poorly developed. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, with short terminal process; apterae without secondary rhinaria, alatae with few on antennal segments III-IV. Rostrum very long, ultimate rostral segment long wedge-shaped with numerous accessory hairs. First tarsal segments have 3,3,3 hairs. Dorsum sclerotized, dark brown and smooth. Dorsal hairs short and pointed. Abdominal segments III-V with small marginal tubercles. Siphunculi long cylindrical, slightly inflated in middle, constricted under well developed flange. Cauda cone with 4-6 long fine hairs. Differs from Ericaphis and Ericolophium, by the length of terminal process, and number of accessory hairs on apical rostral segment. Fang & Qiao (2009)

Apterae medium-sized, without sclerotization, & semitransparent. Well developed antennal & median tubercles. Antennae 5-segmented, without secondary rhinaria. Apical rostral segment elongated wedge-shaped with straight sides. Hairs on head and dorsum very long, hairs on antennae short. First tarsal segments have 3,2,2 or 3,3,2 hairs. Small marginal tubercles present only on the prothorax; spinal tubercles absent. Distance between centres of spiracles on abdominal segments II and III much less than twice distance between centres of spiracles on segments I and II which are well separated. Siphunculi relatively long, without any trace of polygonal reticulation. Cauda elongated triangular with widely rounded apex. Proximity of spiracles on abdominal segments II and III would normally indicate Aphidini, but absence of marginal tubercles on abdomen & shape of siphunculi & cauda indicate Macrosiphini. Rubiaphis most closely related to Myzaphis. Stekolshchikov & Novgorodova (2020)

Apterae medium-sized, white, yellowish, red or brown. At least one species covered with white woolly wax. Antennae short with a few indistinct secondary rhinaria on segment III; alate vivipara has secondary rhinaria on III & IV. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments 3,3,2. Long hairs on body and antennae. Dorsum is unmarked; in alate abdomen with dark dorsal abdominal cross-bars. Cauda broader than long. Related to Dysaphis but distinguished by long hairs. Matsumura (1918)

Apterae medium-sized. Colour in life not recorded. Head without median frontal tubercle, antennal tubercles very weakly developed. Sparse spinules in region of antennal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, slightly longer than body; secondary rhinaria absent. Rostrum reaches beyond hind coxae, with apical rostral segment broad and stout. Dorsum of abdomen rugose, pale but with spino-pleural sclerites on tergites I & II, scattered sclerites on IV & V, and postsiphuncular sclerites. Siphunculi almost cylindrical and longer than cauda, which is elongated, much darker than siphunculi and bears 5-6 hairs. Immatures have strongly spinulose femora and smooth hind tibiae. Spinulose head suggests Myzus, but this aphid has weakly-developed antennal tubercles and post-siphuncular sclerites. Basu et al (1976)

Apterae are medium-sized, elongate oval, pale green, lightly dusted with wax. Antennal tubercles barely indicated, with well developed median tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, without secondary rhinaria; alatae have rhinaria on III-IV (V). Apical rostral segment long, with numerous hairs. First tarsal segments have 3,3,3 hairs. Dorsal hairs sit on broad, strongly raised tubercles. Tergum in aptera sclerotic, in alate membranous without central sclerite. Siphunculi long, conical, with distinct flanges; shorter than elongated triangular cauda. Possibly related to Spatulophorus, but differs in more numerous body hairs arising from tubercles, short conical siphunculi and rather hairy apical rostral segment and cauda. Szelegiewicz. (1969)

Only species, Subovatomyzus leucosceptri, in monoecious on several genera of Lamiaceae including beautyberry (Callicarpa), Colebrookea, and Vietnamese balm (Elsholtzia). Sexuales do not appear to have been described.

Apterae medium sized, spindle-shaped, pale translucent green with darker green spinal stripe, and whitish appendages. Antennal tubercles well developed; median tubercle lower, but still pronounced. Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria; in alatae numerous rhinaria on antennal segments III-V. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments 3,3,3. Tergum of aptera pale & membranous with very short, sometimes capitate hairs like those on antennae. Alate has dark central abdominal patch. Siphunculi distally swollen, with distinct preapical circumcision below small flange. Cauda with constriction at base, occasionally in middle. Differs from Ovatomyzus in having distinct median tubercle, and lacking long hairs on antennal tubercles. Resembles Capitophorus in having short capitate dorsal hairs and smooth clavate siphunculi. Basu (1964)

Apterae medium sized, pale green, with two longitudinal rows of darker green spots. Body elongate with numerous short dorsal cylindrical processes. Head without prominent antennal tubercles. Antennae with 4-5 antennal segments, shorter than 0.25 x body length. Apical rostral segment much longer than second hind rostral segment. Dorsal body hairs rather elongate, thick and pointed. Siphunculi stout, cylindrical, bent at base & without flange. Cauda short & tongue-shaped. Differs from other genera in the Macrosiphini in having very short antennae, numerous dorsal processes, and lack of flange on siphunculus. Zhang & Zhong (1994)

Apterae medium-sized, white in life. Antennal tubercles indistinct, median tubercle absent. Antennae 6-segmented, 0.55 x body length, with terminal process about twice base of antennal segment VI. Rostrum reaching abdominal segment I. Number of hairs on first tarsal segment 4,4,4. Siphunculi long, barrel shaped, slightly elongated at base, flange distinct, 1.33 x cauda. Cauda short, nearly triangular-shaped, constricted at media, bearing only 5-6 hairs. Perhaps related to Longicaudus but that has unusually long cauda; similar to Lipaphis, but that genus has fewer tarsal hairs 3,3,3 or 3,3,2. Zhang & Qiao (2000)

Apterae medium-sized, whitish, pale yellow or yellowish. Antennal tubercles divergent, not high. Median frontal tubercle conspicuous. Antennae with 6 segments, shorter than body. There are tubercular spinal processes on abdominal segments VII & VIII, resembling supracaudal process in Cavariella. Alatae have quadrate black dorsal abdominal patch, and secondary rhinaria on antennal segments III-IV (V). Immatures have spinulose hind tibiae. Resembles Liosomaphis, but that genus has no tubercular spinal processes, nor spinulose hind tibiae. Narzikulov (1957)

Medium-sized aphids, one species dull black, the other yellow, both with dark antennae and siphunculi. Antennal tubercles low, median tubercle undeveloped. Antennae about as long as body, with long terminal process. Apterae have secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III (IV). Apical rostral segment conical with numerous basal hairs. There are 5,5,5 hairs on first tarsal segments. Siphunculi nearly cylindrical, with distinct flange and distal part reticulated. Cauda distinctive - triangular base with few hairs, and long, narrow, hairless distal part. Anal plate with large process bearing many long hairs. Genus close to American Bipersona, but differ in structure of cauda. Holman & Szelegiewicz (1964)

Apterae rather small, yellowish or whitish with apices of appendages darker. Head with prominent antennal tubercles, slightly diverging. Antennae 6-segmented, a little shorter than body length, without secondary rhinaria. Eyes without distinct ocular tubercles. Abdominal dorsum corrugated, and with prominent finger-like tubercles: 8 pairs spinal, 5 pairs marginal. Siphunculi cylindrical, imbricated, expanded at base and much longer than cauda. Cauda small, subconical. Anal plate rounded. Tseng & Tao (1938)

Apterae on primary host are large, yellow-green covered with grey powdery wax, with brown siphunculi. Frontal tubercles are very low or indistinct. Antennae are about 0.72 x body length, with terminal process about 4 x base of antennal segment VI. Secondary rhinaria are absent in the aptera; numerous on antennal segment IV (?) of alatae. Number of hairs on first tarsal segments is 5,5,5. Distance between spiracles on tergites II & III is 1.7-1.9 x distance between those on tergites I & II. Siphunculi are about 0.41 x body length, clavate with widest part about 3 x apical width. Cauda semicircular with 19-23 hairs. Zhang et al. (1999)

Apterae rather large, blackish, with cuticle largely reticulated. Antennal tubercles low & divergent, median frontal tubercle large, similar to antennal ones. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, with terminal process 3-4 x base of antennal segment VI. Protruberant secondary rhinaria on segment III in both apterae and alatae. Rostrum very long, reaching abdominal sternite IV, with fine elongated apical rostral segment. First tarsal segments with 5,5,5 hairs. Dorsal hairs thick, developed on large sclerites. Ante- & postsiphuncular sclerites absent. Large process on anal plate. Siphunculi cylindrical, with reticulation on 0.35-0.45 of length, and distinct flanges. Cauda finger-shaped with rounded apex. Similar to Macrosiphoniella, but has 5 hairs on first tarsal segments and large median frontal tubercle. Resembles Uroleucon, but has no ante- or post-siphuncular sclerites. Kadyrbekov. (2002).

Apterae rather small, body yellowish green with antennal segments III-VI dark, legs pale and siphunculi dark tipped. Antennal tubercles developed, parallel or slightly diverging. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body length; antennal segment III in apterae without secondary rhinaria, but present in alatae on segments III-V. First tarsal segments with 3,3,3 hairs. Hind tibiae of nymphs without spinules. Dorsum of head near eyes with C-shaped wrinkles, dorsum of abdomen with C or O-shaped wrinkles; alatae with dark dorsal patch on abdomen. Marginal tubercles on abdomen absent. Siphunculi cylindrical with dense imbrications, not constricted under developed flange. Cauda cone shaped, distal half slightly constricted with 5 hairs present. Su et al. (2014)

Aptera of 1 species rather large, other species very small. Colour of aphids not recorded. Antennal tubercles very broad. No median tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, little shorter than body, with terminal process less than 3 x base of segment VI; segment III is without secondary rhinaria. Hind tibiae with short hairs, with spinules in immature stages. Abdomen without distinct dorsal and marginal sclerites and tubercles. Siphunculi longer than cauda, roughly imbricated, with some minute spinules, obliquely truncated and without flange at tip. Cauda stout, longer than wide. Immature alatae of X. japonica are densely covered with cottony wax. Very similar to Jacksonia, but in that genus first instars are without spinules on hind tibiae. Takahashi (1961)

Apterae rather small with dark brown spots at bases of long stout dorsal bristles, & dark siphunculi & cauda. Antennal tubercles absent. Eyes small, triommatidia in fundatrices and oviparae. Antennae 6-segmented, much shorter than body, without secondary rhinaria. Apterae have much shorter terminal process than alatae. Dorsal hairs arise from dark tuberculate bases. Siphunculi short, conical with flange at apex. Cauda elongate, rounded at apex & constricted. Related to Patchia, but differs in elongate cauda & dorsal hairs arising from tubercles. Takahashi (1937)

All viviparae alate. Rather large, greenish. Head short, with characteristic transverse dark bar on head ventrally between the eyes, extending to prothorax. Antennae much longer than body, secondary rhinaria on segment III. Rostrum reaches nearly to middle coxae. Pterostigma long & lanceolate, stigma vein strongly curved, first oblique vein robust. Siphunculi long, nearly 3 x as long as broad, distinctly constricted at middle, & somewhat trumpet-shaped at apex. Cauda long, nearly twice as long as broad, and constricted near base. Hannabura and Illinoia species on Alnus do not have transverse dark bar on head. Matsumura (1919)

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Apterae rather small to medium-sized, pale yellow or yellowish-green. Head spinulose, without antennal tubercles, but with distinct median tubercle. Antennae 6-segmented, with terminal process shorter than base segment VI. Apterae without secondary rhinaria; rhinaria present on segment III in alate. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Tergum of aptera distinctly segmented, sclerotic, with some dorsal hairs quite long, knobbed on conical bases. Siphunculi truncated, conical with wide flange. Cauda elongated with very distinct constriction at about basal third, and a nearly acute tip with many hairs. Anal plate bilobed. Basu (1964), Qiao & Zhang (2002)

Apterae moderately sized, broadly ovate, flattened, green with pale antennae and legs. Without wax pores. Head fused with prothorax; other thoracic segments & all abdominal segments also fused. Thoracic and first 7 abdominal segments each produced laterally into pointed lobes, with pointed hair at tip. Antennae short, concealed under head, 4-segmented, and without secondary rhinaria. Rostrum very short, 3-segmented. Legs concealed under body. First tarsal segments with 2 hairs. Siphunculi reduced to minute rings. Cauda small, short, rounded, concealed under body. May be related to Dasyaphis or Hormaphis. Takahashi (1957)

Apterae rather large robust aphids, alatae have darker legs & antennae, and dark-tipped siphunculi. Frontal tubercles well developed. Antenna 6-segmented, longer than the body, with short terminal process. Secondary rhinaria present in aptera. Rastral organ well developed on all tibiae. First tarsal segments with 5-7 ventral hairs, without dorsal hairs. Dorsal abdominal hairs long, blunt, or weakly capitate. Marginal tubercles present. Siphunculi with swollen bases & strongly flared apically, in the alate siphunculi bent outwards. Cauda with elongate, tongue-shaped knob. Anal plate moderately indented. Wax gland pores on appendages. Quednau (1973)

Apterae medium sized, brown. Alatae have short, broad pterostigma with black spot at base. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body, with short terminal process. Secondary rhinaria absent in apterae, present in alatae. Abdominal terga with transverse pigmented sclerotic bars, irregularly broken. Dorsal body hairs some thin & hair like, other stout and spine-like on tuberculate bases. Siphunculi truncate. Cauda tongue-shaped, without constriction. Anal plate bilobed. Related to Hoplochaetaphis but dorsal hairs differ. Quednau & Chakrabarti (1976), Quednau (1999)

Only apterae known. Frontal tubercles poorly developed. Antennae 6-segmented, 0.6 x body length, with terminal process more or less equal to base segment VI. With or without secondary rhinaria on segment III. First tarsal segments with 5 ventral & 0-2 dorsal hairs. Metanotum & abdomen with mutually free pairs of large spinal sclerites; on tergites I-V sclerites bulging, spiculose and bearing stout hairs. Marginal & pleural sclerites also present. Siphunculi weakly sclerotic, cylindrical, not merging with marginal sclerite VI, & with apical flange. Cauda triangular, without constriction, & with membranous bladder-like apex. Anal plate moderately bilobed. Similar to Hoplochaitophorus, but distinguished by bulging spinal sclerites. Quednau (1999)

All adult viviparae alate. Alatae medium-sized, green, secreting profuse cottony wax threads. when at rest the wings put horizontally on the abdomen. Head of alate with median longitudinal suture. Antennal tubercles not well developed. Antenna 6 segmented, with terminal process more or less equal to base segment VI; segment III bears very long, slit-like secondary rhinaria. Body without tubercles. Siphunculi truncate, longer than wide. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate bilobed. Distinguished from other known genera by having suture on head. Life cycle unclear, but sexuales are known. Tao (1964), Quednau (2003)

All viviparae alate. Medium-sized to large, elongate-bodied, white, dusky on thorax, without dorsal abdominal markings, secreting cottony wax. Eyes with ocular tubercles. Rostrum short reaching just beyond fore coxae. Bristle-like empodial hairs present. Dorsal body hairs surrounded by many wax gland pores developed as cribriform discs, on abdomen not on sclerites. Veins in fore wings clear cut or weakly bordered. Radial sector obliterated at apex. Siphunculi poriform. Related to Shivaphis & Phyllaphoides. Quednau (2003)

Apterae rare or absent. Alate viviparae medium-sized, white with pale yellow mesothorax, & oblong body secreting white cottony wax. Eyes are prominent, but lack ocular tubercles. Antennal tubercles absent. Antennae 6-segmented, about as long as the body, with the terminal process about as long as base antennal segment VI. Round secondary rhinaria. Rostrum rather short. Wings hyaline, media vein twice forked, hind wings with 2 oblique veins. Tarsi without empodial hairs. Body without prominent hairs. Siphunculi very short, much wider than long, scarcely more than pores. Cauda globular, constricted at the base. Anal plate bilobed. Quednau (2003)

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All adult viviparae alate. Alatae medium sized to rather large, green, yellow or white with dark brown markings on wing and sometimes on body, black antennal bases & pale siphunculi. Antennae as long as body, with secondary rhinaria on segment III; terminal process about 1.5 x base segment VI. Media of forewing only once branched, with a very short radial sector. Abdomen without distinct spinal tubercles, but short blunt marginal tubercles present. Siphunculi longer than wide at middle, expanded at base, truncated & smooth. Cauda much constricted at base, globular, but with rounded protuberance on venter, with several hairs. Takahashi (1961), Quednau (2003)

Alatae rather small, pale greenish yellow, with forewings extensively mottled with dark pigment, and characteristic dark markings on abdominal dorsum. Median frontal tubercle is distinctly produced. Antennae about 0.7 x body length. Media vein on forewing is twice branched, & radial sector absent. Abdomen has dark spinal, pleural and marginal patches, with hairs placed on small tubercles. Siphunculi truncate, about 0.7 x as long as diameter of base. Cauda knobbed. Most likely related to Sinochaitophorus. Zhang & Zhong (1982)

Apterae rather small, blackish; alatae blackish brown mottled with red, with maculate wings. Head and prothorax fused together; abdominal tergites I-V also fused to form carapace. Frontal tubercles undeveloped. Antennae about 0.5 x body length. Siphunculi cylindrical with poorly developed flange. Cauda is knobbed. Differs from Hoplochaitophorus in having the head and prothorax fused together. Takahashi (1938), Quednau (2003)

Apterae are rather small, dorso-ventrally flattened, pale yellowish green. In aptera & nymphs, body has conspicuous sausage-shaped processes, bearing spiculose dorsal body hairs. Head & prothorax fused together. Compound eyes small without ocular tubercle. Antennae only 3-segmented in apterae, 5-segmented in alatae. Second hind tarsal segments with only 2 ventral hairs. Siphunculi minute, poriform. Takahashi (1938), Quednau (2003)

Pale yellow, slender-bodied aphids, with both alate & apterous morphs known in some species. Antennae much shorter than body, with terminal process about same length as base segment VI; secondary rhinaria present on segment III. Rostrum reaches far beyond first coxae. Abdomen is without spinal processes, and paramedian hairs are mostly on wart-like elevations. In both apterae & alatae dorsal body hairs have round knobs at apex. Empodial hairs flabellate and distinctly longer than claws. Fore tibiae often darkened. Siphunculi pale and truncated without a flange. Cauda knobbed & anal plate bilobed. Quednau (2003)

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All viviparae alate. Head produced at front above median ocellus. Without frontal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, much shorter than body, with very short terminal process; secondary rhinaria present only on segment III. Fore wings with large dark markings. Body stout, with many long hairs scattered on abdominal dorsum arising from small warts. Marginal pigmented sclerites of abdomen well developed; few small tubercles on some segments anterior to siphunculi; dorsal sclerotized bands sometimes present on anterior abdominal segments. Siphunculi short truncated. Cauda constricted at base, globular. Anal plate bilobed. Takahashi (1961)

Apterae rather small to medium sized, brownish or yellow; alatae of some species unknown. Ventral face of head devoid of pigmented transverse band. Forehead with a variably developed median projection. Accessory rhinaria on antennal segment VI in two separate groups. Segment III smooth except for apex; bears conspicuous hairs, often longer than basal diameter of segment. Terminal process shorter than base of antennal segment VI. Anterior coxae greatly enlarged. Empodial hairs rod shaped. Knob of cauda with conical dorsal process. Related to Therioaphis, but process on cauda and host distinctive. Remaudiere (1989)

All adult viviparae alate. Plump-bodied rather large, green aphids, with wing veins dark-bordered. Antennal tubercles absent. Dorsal wax pores between antennae. Antennae much shorter than body, with secondary rhinaria on segment III; terminal process shorter than the base of antennal segment VI. Wings distinctly dark along the veins; pterostigma truncated. Body without pigmented sclerites; has spinal tubercles and spinules, with many moderate or long pointed hairs. Legs have many long hairs, & fore-coxae not enlarged. Siphunculi short, truncated and smooth. Cauda constricted at base and globular. Anal plate distinctly bilobed. Related to Calaphis, but differs in presence of wax pores on head, lack of pigmented sclerites on the body, and shorter globular cauda. Differs from Chromaphis in wax pores on head, and deeply bilobed anal plate. Takahashi (1961)

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All adult viviparae alate. Medium-sized, dark green or dark purple to black. Frontal tubercles not well developed. Post clypeus without a projection. Antennae 6-segmented, with circular secondary rhinaria; terminal process more or less equal to base antennal segment VI. Wing venation normal, veins clear without infuscation. Head and thorax without tubercles. Abdomen with very large tubercles, larger than siphunculi. Siphunculi truncate, little longer than wide. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate cleft. Closely related to Tuberculatus subgenus Nippocallis, but differs re lack of tubercles on both head and thorax. Tao (1963), Quednau (2003)

All adult viviparae alate. Alatae of Cranaphis formosana long-bodied, yellow with black antennae, broad medial stripe on head and prothorax, paired dusky-dark markings on most abdominal tergites. Head with epicranial suture, Rostrum reaching a little beyond fore coxae, with apical rostral segment about as long as its greatest basal width. Spinal hairs of tergite VII much displaced laterally. Marginal sclerites on tergites II-IV(V) with processes developed as small cones. Siphunculi very short, almost poriform. Closely related to Tinocalloides, but specialised for bamboo. Quednau (2003)

Apterae medium sized, elongate oval, pale brown with thick black dorsal longitudinal stripes. Antennae 6-segmented, with hairs on segment about equal in length to basal diameter of segment; terminal process very short. Secondary rhinaria absent in aptera, strongly transverse in alatae. Rostrum with thickened heart-shaped basal ridge. Wing venation normal with unbordered forewings. Legs normal, but fore coxae in alatae enlarged. Abdomen with well developed large dark spino-pleural and marginal sclerites, each bearing two very stout primary hairs, and numerous shorter hairs. Siphunculi small, truncate with basal hair. Cauda knobbed. Related to Chromocallis, but with shorter antennal hairs, unbordered forewing veins and sclerites on aptera. Verma (1969), Quednau (2003)

Alatae of Quednaucallis nigropunctata are medium-sized, yellowish-white with banded antennae and dark spot on wing at base of pterostigma. Pro-, meso- & metathoracic tergites without distinct spinal tubercles. Spinal tubercles on abdomen of nearly same height on all tergites. Spinal hairs of tergites I-VI arranged as two parallel longitudinal rows, only those of tergite VII displaced laterally. Closely related to Tinocallis, but without lateral displacement of spinal hairs on tergites III & V. Chakrabarti (1988)

All viviparae alate. Alatae medium-sized, probably wax covered. Clypeus with nose-like anterior projection. Epicranial suture present. Antennae 6-segmented, with terminal process very short, only 0.24-0.55 x base of segment VI. First tarsal segments with 5 ventral & 2 dorsal hairs. Tibiae with thick spine-like hairs at apex. Also minute wax pores on tibiae, as well as on antennae, tips of femora and spinal hair-bearing areas of abdomen. Abdominal dorsum with variably developed sclerotic patches spinally on segments I-V & VIII. Siphunculi cylindrical, lacking wax pores. Cauda with globular apex, anal plate not very deeply cleft. Resemble Takecallis in anterior projection of clypeus, but differ in terminal process to base ratio. Raychaudhuri & Pal (1974)

All viviparae alate. Medium-sized, pale yellow abdomen with two widely-separated rows of black spino-pleural patches. Without antennal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented with secondary rhinaria on segment III. Dorsal tubercles confined to marginal sclerites on presiphuncular sclerites. Spinal processes absent. Dorsal hairs fine & short, regularly arranged. Spinal hairs in straight lines. Siphunculi truncate, with hair. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate bilobed. Basu (1970)

Rather small, elongate oval, dorsum black, yellow-green on ventral side. Head is separate from prothorax, abdominal segments VI & VII are free, and abdominal segments I-VI appear fused. Antennae 6-segmented, 0.73 x body length, with terminal process 2.70 x base of antennal segment VI. Apical rostral segment is thick and short, 0.57 x second hind tarsal segment. There are 5,5,5, hairs on the first tarsal segments. Body strongly sclerotized, with cuticle covered with dense short spines. Siphunculi truncate. Cauda constricted in middle, with 6-7 hairs at end. Genital plate is wedge shaped. Zhang et al. (1999)

Body has conspicuous median dorsal ridge. Head fused with prothorax, meso- and metathorax fused, abdominal segments I-VII fused & segment VIII free. Antennae 5-segmented in apterae, 6-segmented in alatae; segment III with 9-10 round secondary rhinaria in alatae. Rostrum short, ultimate rostral segment thick and wedge-shaped, First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Dorsal cuticle with very well-developed "O"- and "C"-shaped or irregularly shaped wart-like sculpturing. Hairs on head and dorsal hairs on abdominal tergite VIII long thick & blunt, arising from distinct tubercles. Siphunculi short, truncated. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate entire, broadly rounded, genital plate transverse oval. Chen et al (2021)

Apterae medium-sized, oval, blackish brown. Head, prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax & segment VIII are free, segments I-VII are fused with each other. Antennal tubercles slightly developed, median frontal tubercle undeveloped. Antennae about 0.62 x body, with terminal process very short at 0.67-0.75 x base of antennal segment VI. Dorsal hairs are sparse, short 7 needle-like. Siphunculi crater-like, without reticulate sculpturing. Cauda semicircular, with 20-22 hairs. Alatae have thickly fuscous-bordered wing veins like the North American Chaitophorus populicola. Qiao et al. (2003)

Apterae medium sized, green, yellow or brown, one glassy white. Head fused with pronotum. Antennal tubercles distinct, median frontal tubercles absent. Antennae 5-6 segmented, shorter than body, terminal process longer than base segment VI; antennae without secondary rhinaria in apterae. Apical rostral segment shorter than second hind tarsal segment. First tarsal segments with 3-5 ventral hairs. Tergites I-VII or II-VII completely fused. Dorsum membranous, rugose or corrugated over entire surface. Long thick, hollow hairs around margin of body. Siphunculi short, truncate, without any reticulation. Cauda wider than long with 8-16 hairs. Distinguished from Chaitophorus & Periphyllus by fused head and pronotum, and lack of reticulation on siphunculi. Qiao et al. (2004)

Apterae rather small, elongate oval, whitish or yellowish. Head fused with pronotum. Antennae 5-segmented, shorter than body. Secondary rhinaria absent on aptera. Apical rostral segment with 0-2 accessory hairs. First tarsal segment bearing 3 ventral hairs, without dorsal hairs. Abdominal segments I-VII solidly fused. Dorsal body covered with O- or C-like tubercles, and dorsal hairs of body long, thick, flattened with knobbed or blunt apices. Each segment bears paired marginal and spinal hairs on each side. Siphunculi short, truncate, not reticulated. Cauda rounded and anal plate broadly rounded. Related to Trichaitophorus, but with long, thick spinal as well as marginal hairs. Jiang et al. (2016)

All viviparae alate. Frontal tubercles conspicuous. Antennae long, nearly 1.5 x body, with terminal process up to 3 x base segment VI. Secondary rhinaria elongated & with hairy fringe. Rostrum short. Fore femora enlarged. First tarsal segment with pair of dorsal hairs. Empodial hairs spatulate. Abdomen without dorsal processes. Marginal sclerite with 1 long and some shorter hairs. Tergite VIII with 4 hairs. Siphunculi long, enlarged at base, curved near apices and reticulated at apex. Cauda broadly conical, short. Differ from Nearctic Drepanaphis by lack of dorsal processes, often having dark pigment on forewings, & distal reticulation on the siphunculi. Matsumura (1917), Higuchi (1972)

Fundatrix in gall is oval, yellowish-green, covered in wax. Body covered with sparse bristle-like hairs. Eyes are triommatidia. Antennae 4-segmented, very short about 0.17 x body. Alate spring migrants, emerging from pseudogalls on Zelkova, are small, rather long-bodied, with dark brown head, meso- and metathorax and pale yellow to green prothorax and abdomen. Antennae are 6-segmented. They have an unbranched media, only one oblique vein in the hind wing, and inconspicuous ring-like siphunculi. Resemble Kaltenbachiella, but in Byrsocryptoides secondary rhinaria terminal process is relatively longer. Genus thought to be in basal position in the tribe Eriosomatini. Dzhibladze (1960)

Apterae on secondary host have hemispherical nodules all over dorsum. Antennae 3-segmented. Eyes triommatidia. Rostrum short, but stylets very long, about 3 x rostrum. Circular pit-like wax plates on head, thorax & abdomen; plates have thick rim with 3-6 granular facets. Hairs on head, thorax, and abdomen sparse, long and thick. Posterior margin of body with thick black covering. Siphunculi absent. Defining features of genus are long stylet and the nodular dorsum. Emigrant alate from galls have very short & dark, 6-segmented antennae. Second tarsal segment intensively spinose; empodial hairs slightly longer than claws. Fore wings with media once branched and hind wings with 2 cubital veins. Abdomen without pigmented intersegmental bands, not sclerotized except for anal and genital plates. Abdominal hairs scanty and short. Siphunculi present on abdominal tergite V only showing a very small rimmed opening. David & Rajasingh (1972), Akimoto (1983)

Empodial hairs absent in apterae on secondary host, reduced in alatae. without siphunculi in the morphs on the secondary host. Distinct from the nearctic genus Schizoneurata because it has embryos with spinulose hind tarsi, as in palaearctic Eriosoma. The species may be close to Aphidounguis. Hille Ris Lambers (1973)

Apterae secrete white wax powder. Antennae 6-segmented, primary rhinaria small, round, ciliated; secondary rhinaria linear elongate. First tarsal segments have 3,3,3 hairs. Tarsi 2-segmented. Four longitudinal rows of wax gland plates on dorsum of body. Siphunculi sited on tergite V in apterae, on tergite VI in alatae; protuberant surrounded by few fine, sharp-pointed hairs. Cauda and anal plate rounded. Alate has media of forewing once forked; hind wing with 2 oblique veins. Blackman in AWP comments that Siciunguis Zhang & Qiao should probably be treated as a synonym of Eriosoma. Zhang et al (1999)

Emigrant alatae have ciliated secondary rhinaria. First segment of tarsi typically bears 2+3, 2+3, 2+3 (dorsal +ventral for fore, mid, hind) or 2+2, 2+2, 2+2 hairs. Groups of abdominal wax glands of alate arranged as in Geoica. Larvae deposited by emigrants devoid of groups of wax glands, bearing on each tergite only 3 pairs of hairs (one pair of very long spinal hairs, one normal pleural pair, one marginal pair of very long hairs, & one normal marginal pair. Remaudiere & Tao (1957)

Head with dorsomedian suture. Alate viviparae have 6-segmented antennae; primary rhinaria circular to elliptical, secondary rhinaria semi-ring shaped, ciliated. First tarsal segment chaetotaxy 5,5,5. Pterostigma of forewing sickle-shaped, stout at apex, reaching apex of wing. Media not forked, hind wings with two obliques, separated at base. Abdominal tergites with wax plates. Siphunculi absent. Differs from other Fordinae in its forewing pterostigma being sickle shaped, stout at apex, reaching apex of wing. Zhang & Qiao (1998)

Emigrant alatae rather small, with black head, pale green prothorax, dusky pterothorax and pale yellowish abdomen. Have annular rhinaria with ciliate rims. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Migrant alatae of Inbaria are distinguished by very large single primary and secondary rhinaria, which occupy more than half of the circumference of each segment and 0.4-0.8 of the antennal segment length. Additional characteristics are: antennal segment VI equals or is slightly longer than antennal segment III; marginal wax gland plates are invisible on abdominal tergites I-V; anal plate and cauda are laterally merged, forming perianal ring with anal aperture in the middle. Rhinaria similar to Slavum aphids, & perianal ring similar to Geoica. Barjadze et al. (2018)

Alate emigrants are dark grey to black. Forewings with pterostigma elongated. Secondary rhinaria large, ovoid with one on each of segment III-VI; island-shaped setigerous plates present. Agarwala & Ghosh (1985)

Rather small emigrant alatae have 6-segmented antennae. Pterostigma elongate, tapering around curve of wing (as in Schlechtendalia). Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Emigrant alatae have yellow-green or yellow-brown abdomen. Antennal segment III similar in length to segment V with distinct annular rings; rings indistinct in segments IV & V; segment IV shortest with very large oblong rhinarium, segment V with large oval rhinarium. Stigmata of forewings much shorter, acute at tips, not sickle-like elongated. 2 obliques of hind wings very narrow, both widely separated from cubitus. Matsumura (1917)

Antennal tubercles undeveloped. Antennae six-segmented. Rhinaria irregular in shape and numbers. Antennal segments IV-VI each have 1 large sensorium occupying most of segment, sometimes with smaller secondary rhinaria. Rostrum reaching past front coxae. First tarsal chaetotaxy is 3,4,4. Forewing with stigma short and oblique, veins fading at their apical extremity. Abdomen has marginal and spinal wax glands. Siphunculi absent. Cauda semicircular bearing three to four hairs. Nurudea and Schlechtendalia have only 5 antennal segments, Meitanaphis has pterostigma long and sickle-shaped, Floraphis & Melaphis have numerous ring-like rhinaria, Kaburagia has only one large oval rhinarium on segments III-VI. Hebert et al. (2022)

Emigrant alate has antennal terminal process very short, much less than 0.5 x base of last antennal segment. Pterostigma of forewing extends in curve around wing tip. Antenna 5-segmented; II-V each with at least partial separation of the sensoriated surface into smaller units. Siphunculi absent. Related to Melaphis, but they do not have an elongate curved pterostigma. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

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Antennae of apterae are 5-segmented with secondary rhinaria on segment V. Eyes are triommatidia. Rostrum reaches past middle coxae. First tarsal segments have 3 hairs. There are spinal and marginal wax glands on the thoracic and abdominal tergites I-VII. Antennae of alatae 5-6 segmented. Abdomen has pigmented transverse spinal waxbands on some tergites. Closely related to Aploneura. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Emigrant alatae have antennae 5-segmented. Abdominal tergites I-V without marginal wax glands. Embryos in migrant alatae with elongate hind tarsi. Sexuparae large, with long rostrum and elongate hind tarsi. Manheim (2007)

Alatae have secondary rhinaria on antennal segments III & IV. Secondary rhinaria not reticulated. Agarwala & Ghosh (1985)

Antennae of adult alatae 6-segmented. Small conica protuberance at base of antennal segment II. The primary rhinarium has long hairs, and secondary rhinaria have short hairs. Apical rostral segment is wedge shaped. Dorsal wax of adult aphids is well developed. Femur & trochanter are fused. First segment of tarsus has 2,2,2 hairs. Siphunculi absent. Immatures of III-IV instar with pair of obvious finger-like protuberances on top of head. Protuberances almost disappear in adults. Related to Prociphilus, but frontal protuberances in immatures Hormaphidinae-like. Qiao & Fang (2007)

Apterae medium sized, yellowish white, most likely wax covered. Antennae 5-segmented. Primary rhinarium with long cilia. Rostrum reaches abdominal segment IV, with apical rostral segment 1.5 x second hind tarsal segment, with 2 accessory hairs. Tarsi 2-segmented. First tarsal segments have 2,2,2 hairs. Related to Prociphilus, but that genus has much shorter rostrum. Qiao et al. (1999)

Fundatrix with 4-5 segmented antennae, without wax glands, without siphunculi, with empodial hairs very short; embryos inside fundatrices also with short empodial hairs, with wax glands. Alatae of second generation with minute, unpigmented, nearly invisible siphunculi, usually with unbranched media in the fore wings, secondary rhinaria with very distinctly ciliated rims, and very irregular chaetotaxy of first tarsal joints. Resemble Pachypappa in fundatrices with no wax pore-plates; resemble Pemphigus in unbranched media vein & first instar exules with short empodial hairs. Hille Ris Lambers (1966)

Alatae have antennal tubercles absent. Antennae short, stout, 5-segmented, almost without hairs, with extensive reticulated sensory area on each of segments III-V; terminal process very short. Fore wings with pterostigma not elongate; hind wings with 2 obliques. Abdomen with wax-plates. Body provided with a few bristles which are not capitate, without dorsal tubercles. Siphunculi absent. Cauda not distinct. Anal plate rounded. Tarsi normal. Aptera much as alate except covered with cottony wax, eyes are triommatidia, antennae 4-5 segmented without secondary sensoria, & abdominal segment VII with small blunt tubercle on the side. Takahashi (1925)

Apterae rather small, blackish-brown profusely covered with white wax, leaving only centre of dorsum exposed. Prosoma with marginal hairs very long, stout basally but with finely-pointed apices, with 5 pairs of similar large spino-pleural hairs. The 3 thoracic tergites also bearing several somewhat shorter, thinner hairs. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Rather small to medium sized, dark brown or greenish where known. Antennae 4-segmented in apterae, 5-segmented in alate viviparae; with terminal process shorter than base. Secondary rhinaria on flagellar segments of alate antennae semiannular. Each of abdominal tergites VII & VIII have a pair of pronounced hair bearing processes in apterae; these reduced in alatae and usually only distinguishable on tergite VIII as large hair-bearing tubercles. Siphunculi large, much longer than wide. Cauda transversely rounded-triangular, with a pronounced median stylus in apterae, which is reduced in alatae. In only species where sexuales known, both oviparae & males alate. Takahashi (1934), Martin & Agarwala (1994)

Apterae medium-sized, yellow, green or brown. Antennae 4-segmented in apterae, 5-segmented in alatae. Secondary rhinaria strongly protuberant. Spiracles distinctly protruding. Marginal processes on abdomen gradually becoming longer towards the cauda, each bearing 3-4 hairs and one sharp spine. Dorsal cuticle corrugated. Dorsal process on tergite VII conspicuous. Siphunculi elongate, swollen apically on inner margin. Forewings with media once branched, hind wings with both obliques. Ghosh (1982)

Apterae medium-sized, probably green nor brown, with very long siphunculi. Median frontal tubercle distinct. Antennae much shorter than body, 5 or 6 segmented, with some long capitate hairs. Body narrow, not strongly sclerotized, pale. Hind tibiae with spinules scattered on distal part, without ridges. First tarsal segment chaetotaxy: 7,7,7. Abdominal segments III-VI fused together. Dorsal hairs not numerous, distinctly capitate. Siphunculi very long, slender, not reticulated, with spinules on apical and basal parts and many long hairs. Cauda rounded at apex. Differ from Eutrichosiphum in presence of distinctly capitate or spatulate hairs. Qiao (2000) For picture see here.

Apterae medium-sized, with elongate oval or pear-shaped body, usually yellow or greenish, sometimes dark. Antennae 5-segmented, with long hairs and somewhat oval rhinaria. Long, tapering and distinctly subdivided apical rostral segment. Hind tibiae without stridulatory ridges. Siphunculi very long, more or less cylindrical, covered with hairs & without any reticulation in apterae. Cauda without a median process. Alatae have forewings with media twice branched, hind wings with both media and cubitus present. Baker (1920), Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Medium-sized elongate, mostly green, yellow or brown. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented with spinulose basal segments. Apical rostral segment short & obtuse, no clear division between RIV & RV. First tarsal segments with 7,7,7 or 5,5,5 hairs. Abdominal tergum mostly sclerotic, rather pale; dorsal hairs thick and stiff, scarce, & blunt. Siphunculi have no reticulation, are curved abruptly outwards near apices, & covered with spinules. Cauda rounded triangular or semicircular, without stylus-like process. Alatae distinctive, with elongate, dark pterostigma, media only once-branched, hind wings reduced, without oblique veins. Raychaudhuri (1956), Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae rather small to medium-sized, pear-shaped. Eyes with multi-facets and ocular tubercle. Antennae 4-segmented in apterae, 5-segmented in alatae. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Prothorax fused with head. Body with sparse, blunt, mostly short hairs; alatae also have very short hairs but acute, not blunt. Siphunculi 0.19-0.25 x body length, with convex inner side, enlarged in median part, over 20 stout long hairs, little or no reticulation, but with spinulose imbrication. Single described alata has twice-branched media and hindwings with one oblique vein. Noordam (1994), Zhang & Qiao (2008)

Apterae rather large, usually elongate with very long siphunculi. Median portion of frons flat. Antennal tubercles only slightly developed. Antennae 6-segmented. In alatae numerous secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III. Media vein of the fore wing twice branched; hind wing with two oblique veins. First tarsal chaetotaxy 7,7,7. Aptera with numerous transverse ridges on hind tibia. Underside of abdomen spinulose, with two distinct elongated areas of dense spinulosity postero-laterally. Siphunculi cylindrical, elongated, densely covered with spinules. Cauda & anal plate rounded or transversely oval. Zhang & Qiao (2010)

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Apterae rather small, dark green to brown. Entire body covered dorsally & laterally with minute spinules. Antennal tubercles small. Triommatidium almost as large as compound eye. Antennae 4-segmented, without secondary rhinaria. Rostrum long and slender, with apical rostral segment in two distinct parts, RIV & RV, and very slender. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. Siphunculi with spine like hairs, & unusually marked basal constriction; no reticulation, but spinules as on rest of body. Cauda semioval, with no median process. Tritrichosiphum considered closest to Eutrichosiphum. Robinson (1972)

Rather small to medium-sized oval, flat, scale-like aphids, variably coloured black, brown, reddish. Apterae have aleyrodiform body with no frontal horns. Head & prothorax fused, as are meso- and metathorax. Antennae 4 or 5-segmented, with primary rhinaria small & ciliated. Eyes are triommatidia. Wax glands arranged along crenulated margin of body. Abdominal tergites I-VII also fused, only tergite VIII free. Dorsal hairs fine and sparse. Siphunculi ring-shaped. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate bilobed. Similar to Cerataphis aphids, but Cerataphis have frontal horns and lack clear division between prothorax and mesothorax. Alatae have 5-segmented antennae with near ring-shaped secondary rhinaria. Jiang & Qiao (2011)

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Two species host alternate from snowbells (Styrax, Styracaceae) to bamboo (Poaceae) (although some populations anholocyclic on bamboo). Two species only known as anholocyclic on bamboo. One species remains all year on Styrax, one on Camellia (Ceaceae), and one anholocyclic on Phragmites communis (Poaceae). On primary host, aphids form peculiar, multiple-cavity galls.

Emigrant alatae have two blunt horns on the head, shorter than in apterae. The antennae are 5-segmented, with secondary rhinaria on segments III -V. Apterae on secondary host have white fringe of wax. The head is fused to the pronotum. The head has two horns, with sharp or rounded points. The antennae have 4-5 segments, & eyes are triommatidia. The mesonotum, metanotum & abdominal tergites VII & VIII are distinctly defined, other segments marginally fused, but with furrows dorsally. No wax glands on head, but there are wax glands on thoracic segments and abdominal segments I-VI. Siphunculi located on segment V, with 3-11 hairs. Cauda without a constriction. Noordam (1991)

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Apterae medium-sized, body round, flat, & strongly sclerotized, yellowish-brown to dark purple to violet-black, covered with fine wax powder. Head with 1 pair of frontal horns, cylindrical with broadly rounded tips, nymph with blunt frontal horns from birth. Head plus pronotum, meso- and metanotum, and abdominal tergites I and VIII mutually free, other abdominal tergites completely fused. Eyes with 3 facets. Antennae 4- or 5-segmented. Rostrum short and thick. Ultimate rostral segment blunt, wedge-shaped. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4,3,2. Dorsum with irregularly shaped wax facets, sometimes wax plates in groups along the abdominal margin. Siphunculi pore-like, not on hairy cones. Cauda knobbed and constricted at base. Anal plate bilobed. Hille Ris Lambers & Basu (1966), Wang & Huang (2024)

Apterae are small pale olive green to reddish or greenish brown, somewhat shiny aphid. Head without frontal horns. Antennae 4-segmented; alatae with linear secondary rhinaria on segment III. Eyes triommatidia. Fore wings with media once branched; hind wings with both media and cubitus present. Dorsum covered with stout spine-like hairs. Wax gland plates reduced to groups of minute wax pores. Siphunculi present as mere pores. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate rounded. Immatures spotted Alatae have bluish black abdomen. Baker (1920), Noordam (1991)

Apterae small, oval, yellow or yellowish brown, with strongly sclerotized body. Head fused with prothorax, mesothorax to segment VII fused with each other, segment VIII free. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae 4-segmented. Apical rostral segment wedge-shaped. There are 2,2,2 hairs on first tarsal segments. Dorsum of body covered with C or O shaped wax plates. Has curved blunt-ended frontal and marginal processes. Tergite VIII has 1 long cone-shaped process arising from posterior margin of tergite. Dorsal hairs of body short and stout at apices. Siphunculi pore-like segment V. Cauda knobbed with 4-6 hairs. Anal plate bilobed. Qiao & Zhang (2003)

Apterae rather large, aleyrodiform, dark, flattened, almost circular, secretes wax from ring of marginal glands. Alatae purplish brown, usually with 4-segmented antennae. Unbranched media on fore wings, and single oblique vein in hind wings. Close to Cerataphis, but differs in wing venation. Takahashi (1930), Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae small, oval, slightly flattened, dark green. Immatures are lighter bluish green with white wax markings. Antenna 4- or 5-segmented. Dorsum entirely sclerotised, with head and prothorax fused. Cauda knobbed. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae are very small, body depressed & flattened, pale green, darkening with age. Without wax pores. Head and thoracic segments fused, and abdominal segments fused. Head without frontal tubercles. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae short, 4-segmented, without secondary rhinaria. Legs short, concealed under body. First tarsal segments with 2 or 3 hairs. No siphunculi. Cauda constricted basally & globular. Takahashi (1957)

Body ovate, depressed, flattened, not strongly sclerotized, with long marginal hairs on prosoma. Abdomen much reduced in size, separated from, but sunken into cephalothorax, the anterior part (tergites I-VII) without submarginal hairs. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae small, ventral, longer than wide, 3-segmented. Legs very short, concealed under body; tarsi well developed, 2-segmented, with well developed claws. Dorsum with irregular mosaic-like structures, minutely dentate at margin. Tergite VIII with 4 hairs. Siphunculi absent. Cauda broader than long, constricted basally. Anal plate deeply bilobed. Related to Thoracaphis, but differs in absence of siphunculi & presence of mosaic-like structures on the dorsum. Alate morph unknown. Takahashi (1958)

Apterae on secondary host unknown. Emigrant alatae with 5-segmented antennae; annular secondary rhinaria on segments III-V. Rostrum short. First tarsal chaetotaxy 3,3,3. Forewings with long, narrow pterostigma; media unbranched, not united with cubital, two cubital veins fused at base; hind wings with 2 obliques. Siphunculi absent in both fundatrix & alatae. Cauda knobbed, distinctly constricted at base. Chen et al. (2011)

Apterae on secondary host have body ovate, convex, not depressed, strongly sclerotized. 20 marginal hairs around cephalothorax, 6 of which are between eyes. Eyes marginal, with 3 facets. Antennae ventral, longer than wide, 3-segmented. Legs very short, hind legs more or less concealed; tarsi rudimentary, not segmented. Abdomen much reduced in size, separated from cephalothorax, without hairs on anterior part; tergite VIII with 4 hairs. Dorsum with irregular mosaic-like structures, which are protuberant and rounded apically. Siphunculi absent. Cauda broader than long, constricted basally. Anal plate deeply bilobed. Takahashi (1958)

Emigrant alatae rather large, long forewings, with broad black pterostigma, basal area of forewing & cubital vein brown. Annular secondary rhinaria on antennal segments III-V. Apterae rather small, greenish, margins of body thickly powdered in wax, dorsum with transverse wax patches. Antennae 4-segmented. Eyes triommatidia. Apical rostral segment 0.76-0.82 x second hind tarsal segment. First tarsal segments have 3,3,2 hairs. Circular wax glands present on head, thoracic & abdominal segments, Siphuncular pores on segment VI. Cauda with 2 hairs. Noordam (1991)

Apterae are rather small, dark brown, aleyrodiform, strongly sclerotized, with a conspicuous median dorsal ridge. Prosoma consisting of fused head, thorax, and abdominal segment I; abdominal segments II-VII fused and separate from prosoma and abdominal segment VIII. Dorsum of prosoma nearly smooth, with clusters of irregular-shaped pustules along central axis and a wide transversely striped band marginally. Submarginal hairs on prosoma and abdominal segments II-VII. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae small, unsegmented. Rostrum short. Legs short, exposed outside body. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 2-3,3,2. Siphunculi pore-like. Cauda knobbed, constricted at base. Chen et al. (2016)

Apterae on secondary host have semi-oval body. Antennae 3-segmented. Eyes triommatidia. First tarsal segments with 3,3,2 hairs. Prosoma densely covered with semioval pustules which are conspicuously protruberant on lateral margins. Thick finger-like paired spinal and marginal tubercles on prosoma and abdominal plate. Without spinal hairs on abdominal tergite VII, but pair of small tubercles present near hind end. Siphunculi pore-like. Cauda semi-oval, constricted at base. Close to Nipponaphis, but differs in having finger-like tubercles on prosoma and abdomen. Ghosh et al. (1983)

Apterae of Mesothoracaphis rappardi rather small, brownish-black, somewhat shiny. Has sclerotised, box-like body and greatly reduced antennae and legs. Body comprises prosoma, fused tergites II-VII, & dorsally free tergite VIII. Wax gland groups lacking. Head without horns or dagger hairs. Antennae 3-segmented, less than 0.1 x body length. Eyes triommatidia. Legs strongly sclerotized, reduced. Siphunculi with small pore. Cauda transversely elongate, knobbed with constriction. Anal plate strongly bilobed. Noordam (1991)

Apterae on secondary host are rather small to medium-sized, circular to oval, flattened, strongly sclerotized, dark brown or black. Antennae short, nearly reaching eyes, appearing to be 2-segmented. Rostrum short. Prosoma not well defined from anterior fused part of abdomen. Ornamentation of tergum characteristic, consisting of rounded pustules which are rather evenly spaced and sized over the central part of the prosoma and which, under the light microscope, appear double-walled or ring-like. Dorsal hairs of prosoma very short, pointed. Fused abdominal tergites II-VII have marginal hairs but there are no spinal hairs on abdominal tergite VII, and abdominal tergite VIII usually has 2 hairs. Cauda pale, constricted at base, much broader than long, with about 8 hairs. Anal plate pale, with 5 long hairs on each lobe. Takahashi 1959, Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae on secondary host are aleyrodiform, oval, somewhat convex dorsally, strongly sclerotised, blackish brown dusted with greyish wax. Prosoma with faintly circular structure on submarginal area and minute marginal wax pores. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae very short, not segmented. Tarsi well developed. First tarsal segments with 3,3,2 hairs. Abdominal tergites II-VII fused with prosoma anteriorly, but with distinct traces of division, with 6 short hairs on each side. Tergite VIII separated with 2 hairs. Siphunculi absent. Cauda broader than long, constricted basally. Alatae with 5-segmented antennae, also without siphunculi. Sorin (1987)

Apterae black with white wax powder on side. Body very small, ovate, flattened on dorsum, strongly sclerotized. Eyes triommatidia, with 1 facet isolated from other 2 facets. Antennae reduced, very small, faintly 2-segmented. Legs stout, tarsi reduced with small claws. Dorsum of prosoma with 4 pairs of indistinct rather large circular pale parts when cleared with potash. Closely related to Dermaphis, but differs in small body size, much reduced antennae, and eyes not being protruberant. Alatae undescribed. Sorin (2006)

Emigrant alatae medium-sized, black head & thorax, grey abdomen. Head smooth without horns or dagger hairs. Antennae 5-segmented with ring-shaped secondary rhinaria on segments III-V. Wing venation unusual, the media, Cu1a and Cu1b all arising from common stem. Siphunculi on segment VI, without hairs. Cauda hardly developed, transversely elongate with 4-6 hairs. Apterae on secondary host with prosoma consisting of head, thorax & abdominal segments I-VII dorsally fused, segment VIII free. Distinct transverse furrow between muscle plates between pro- and mesonotum. Noordam (1991)

Apterae on secondary host aleyrodiform, flattened dorsoventrally, without frontal horns, and strongly sclerotized. They comprise three parts: the prosoma; abdominal segments II-VII fused together, but distinctly separated from prosoma; abdominal segment VIII. Strongly sclerotised prosoma bears pustulate ornamentation and numerous fine hairs. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae much reduced, indistinctly 3-segmented, with primary rhinaria placed wide apart. Rostrum short and thick. Each tergite has pair of rather long submarginal hairs, with 4-8 hairs on tergite VIII. Tergites II and VII each have a pair of spinal hairs. First tarsal segments have 2,2,2 hairs. Siphunculi in apterae small & pore-like. The cauda is knobbed and constricted at the base. Similar to Nipponaphis, but that does not have fused abdominal segments distinctly separated from the prosoma, and does not have numerous fine hairs on the prosoma. Chen & Qiao (2012), Takahashi (1962)

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Aptera very small, blackish brown to black, almost circular with dorsum somewhat domed, strongly sclerotized. Prosoma large, with reticulation of minute circular pores over most of surface; 18 minute circular pores arranged on submarginal part in single row. Eyes small on protuberances. Antennae very short, faintly 2-segmented, concealed under body. Legs also concealed under body. Fore-tarsi without claws. Abdomen very small, wider than long. Siphunculi absent. Cauda slightly constricted basally, knobbed part wider than long. Sorin (1999)

Apterae very small, body oval or elongate oval, flat, usually black with white wax & strongly sclerotised. Prosoma consists of fused head, thorax and abdominal segment I, abdominal segments II-VII fused, and abdominal segment VIII free. Dorsum of prosoma with mosaic sculptures or corrugated and lacking long hairs. Antennae in apterae unsegmented on venter of head, in alatae five-segmented, with annular secondary rhinaria. Rostrum very short, two-segmented in apterae, normal in alatae. In apterae, fore and middle legs very short, concealed under body, and without tarsi; hind legs longer, protruding behind body, with rudimentary unsegmented tarsi. First tarsal segments with 3,3,2 or 3,3,3 hairs. Siphunculi absent in apterae and porelike in alatae. Cauda knobbed and constricted at the base. Chen et al. (2011)

Apterae on secondary hosts are aleyrodiform, brown & yellowish, dark purple or black, with furrows and wrinkles; sometimes covered with thin layer of wax. Body comprises prosoma, fused tergites II-VII, & tergite VIII free, with prosoma much the longest part. Prosoma is densely covered in pustules, varying in size & shape between species. Antennae with 3 or 4 segments, bent sideways on segments I & II. Eyes triommatidia. Apical rostral segment up to about twice second hind tarsal segment. Hairs on dorsum of prosoma & abdomen rather sparse. Siphunculi poriform. Cauda with knob & constriction, tranversely elongate. Alatae have smoky wings. Noordam (1991)

Apterae medium-sized, nearly circular, flattened, with venter a little expanded, "pill box-shaped", blackish-brown, not strongly sclerotized. Prosoma not distinctly defined at hind end of dorsum, with distinct mosaic-like structures or low pustules, with short dorsal hairs, but without pair of hairs close to hind end. Antennae short, 3-segmented, tapering on distal part, with 2 primary rhinaria distinctly apart from each other. Legs short, exposed; tarsi 2-segmented, with well developed claws. Anterior fused part of abdomen (tergites II-VII) with 6 submarginal hairs on each side; tergite VIII with 4 hairs. Siphunculi entirely lacking. Cauda constricted basally, much broader than long. Anal plate bilobed, each lobe much broader than long. Closely related to Nipponaphis, but differs in absence of siphuncular pores & lack of dorsal hairs close to hind end of prosoma. Takahashi (1959)

Apterae have rather narrow, flattened, depressed, sclerotized body, with stout spine-like marginal hairs on dorsum. Prosoma entirely fused with abdominal plate, but tergite VIII separate, with 4 hairs. Dorsum reticulated, without papillae. Eyes triommatidia. Antennae on venter, very small, 2-4 segmented. Legs much reduced in size, concealed under body; tarsi small, but 2 segmented, with or without claws. Siphunculi absent. Cauda small, wider than long, constricted basally. Anal plate deeply bilobed. Differs from Thoracaphis in anterior part of abdomen entirely fused with the prosoma, dorsum lacking papillae, & absence of siphunculi. Takahashi (1958), Chen et al. (2016)

Apterae rather small, oval, dark brown with margin darker. Closely related to Metathoracaphis. Biology unknown. Blackman & Eastop (1982-)

Apterae have body semioval, dorso-ventrally flattened, strongly sclerotized, dark brown. Eyes 3-faceted. Antennae 3-segmented. Prosoma and abdominal segments (II-VII) completely separated; marginal hairs on prosoma and fused abdominal segments absent; dorsal hairs minute. Dorsum of prosoma wrinkled and sculptured but without pustules; submarginal area appears reticulated, long submarginal hairs on prosoma absent. Rostrum short. Legs normal with claws; tergite VIII with 2 spine-like hairs. Cauda knobbed. Anal plate bilobed. Similar to Allothoracaphis in the 3-segmented antennae and claws on legs and in absence of siphunculi and marginal hairs on fused abdominal segments, but differs from it in not having long marginal hairs on prosoma. Raychaudhuri et al. (1980)

Apterae on the secondary host yellow to white, with ovate body, flattened on dorsum, irregular and asymmetrical in shape, with venter irregularly expanded beyond margin of dorsum, sclerotized, with large dorsal hairs. Papillae well developed on dorsum, but absent on pleural region. Antennae short, 3-segmented. Eyes small, with 3 facets. Legs short, exposed; tarsi reduced in size, not segmented, without claws. Abdomen much smaller than prosoma, with fused tergites II-VII indistinctly defined from it, with 6 large hairs in a row along each lateral margin; tergite VIII separated, with a pair of setae. Siphunculi absent. Cauda broader than long, constricted basally, concealed under body. Alate sexuparae of type species have unbranched media in forewing and hindwing without any oblique veins. Takahashi (1958), Aoki et al. (2024)

Apterae medium-sized, with convex body, blackish-brown, with yellowish-brown cauda. With or without wax. Antennae 4-segmented. Rostrum short. Tarsi normal with claws. Prosoma & abdominal segments II-VII fused together. Dorsum densely covered with spine-like processes. Abdominal tergite VIII with 2 long hairs. Siphunculi pore-like. Alatae with 5-segmented antennae, segment III nearly as long as IV & V together, with secondary rhinaria on segments III-V. Forewings distinctly infuscated at basal part. Ghosh & Raychaudhuri (1973)

Thoracaphis have aleurodiform apterae. Head without horns, eyes triommatidia, with very short 3-segmented antennae. Apical rostral segment is 1.10-1.18 x the second hind tarsal segment. Prosoma completely or incompletely separated from the fused abdominal segments II-VII. The fused abdominal segments have 6 pairs of marginal hairs. Tergite VIII has 2-4 hairs. First tarsal segments have three hairs, of which middle one is stout and spiny. Siphunculi pore-like. Cauda broader than long. Anal plates bilobed. Alatae with 5-segmented antennae with annular secondary rhinaria. Forewings have media vein once branched and the hind wings have both obliques. Takahashi (1958), Noordam (1991)

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Alate emigrants from gall are medium to rather large. Antennae long, more than half body length, 3-segmented; segment III often thickened on basal 1/3-1/2, with numerous annular secondary sensoria. Rostrum short, not reaching mid-coxae; rostral segments IV+V blunt. Prothorax well-developed & prominent, with 2 groups of wax glands on tergite. Tibiae imbricate, with distinct spinules. First tarsal segments with 3,3,3 hairs. Groups of wax glands present on abdominal segments I-VII. Siphunculi absent. Cauda transverse, not constricted at base. Anal plate bilobed. Yeh & Ko (2017)

Body elongated, narrow, pale green, with few hairs. Eyes without distinct triommatidia. Antennae rather short, in adults of 5 segments. Last rostral segment not subdivided, very short and blunt. First tarsal joints with 5 ventral hairs, no dorsal hairs. Claws with simple, not cleft apices. Tergum membranous, with very small scleroites around bases of dorsal hairs. Siphunculi, rimmed pores on a very small, hairless sclerite. Cauda rounded. Most closely related to Eulachnus, but Pseudessigella have 5 instead of 6 antennal segments. Differs from Essigella in having claws with simple, acute apices. Hille Ris Lambers (1966)

Apterae very large, pale yellowish or creamy white. Head & body clothed with numerous fine hairs. Antennae 6-segmented. Eyes compound with small triommatidium. Rostrum quite long, not much shorter than body, with subdivided last segment. Hind coxae elongate, twice as long as middle coxae. Second hind tarsal segment not much longer than those of other tarsi. Siphunculi on aptera not on pigmented cones. Forewings with obliquely truncated stigma. Differs from Sinolachnus which have coxae of all legs very similar. Hille Ris Lambers (1969)

Apterae rather large, reddish brown or blackish. Head with membranous median suture. Antennae 6-segmented. Rostrum with subdivided, rather acute apical segment. First tarsal segments with several short & longer hairs. Body very hairy, dorsally reticulated, with small intersegmental sclerites, & sclerotic band on tergite VIII. Siphunculi pigmented cones. Alatae with exceedingly large number of strongly protruding, very small secondary rhinaria from base of segment III to just past primary rhinaria on VI. Forewings only pigmented along anterior margin. Hille Ris Lambers (1956)

Apterae very large, pear-shaped, brick red, with very distinct segmentation with whitish intersegmental lines. Legs black. Body densely covered with very fine brown hairs. Antennae 6-segmented, with 1-2 secondary rhinaria on segment IV. Antennal hairs very numerous, quite long; terminal process with 1 subapical hair. Rostrum long reaching hind coxae. Abdomen membranous, with light brown siphuncular sclerites. Cauda broadly rounded. Differs from Nippolachnus in having larger size, pear-shaped body (narrow oval in Nippolachnus), and having all legs uniformly black (yellow or at most dusky in Nippolachnus). Kanturski et al. (2024)

Apterae medium-sized, pear-shaped, blackish with prominent white wax marks on the dorsum. The dorsum is densely covered with numerous long, fine, pointed hairs, and with clearly visible denticles. Frons with distinct epicranial suture. Antennae 6-segmented with secondary rhinaria on ANT III-IV. Arrangement of accessory rhinaria on the last antennal segment is unique. They are divided into two groups: a single situated separately over primary rhinarium on the terminal process, remaining accessory rhinaria tightly adhere to each other next to the primary rhinarium. Antennal segment III shorter than IV + V+VI. Legs densely covered with numerous, quite long & pointed hairs. First tarsal segments of the fore and middle legs have large numbers of peg-like hairs. Tergite VIII has a dorsal cross-band. Siphunculi on large cones with denticles and a poorly developed flange; densely covered with hairs. Cauda circular or semi-circular, with 20-25 long, pointed hairs. Kanturski & Lee (2024)

Apterae are oval, pale green or completely pale without visible sclerotisation, and very densely covered with long, fine, pointed, unpigmented hairs. Genus characterised by absence of ocular tubercle, with the residual triommatidium located under the compound eyes. Antennae six-segmented, sometimes with one small secondary rhinarium on segments III & IV. Apical rostral segment wider at proximal part, with distal part with blunt, button-shaped last segment (RV). Siphunculi on low, delicate, and unpigmented and hardly visible sclerites with rather large rounded pores. Cauda rounded. Alate viviparous females are characterised by characteristic patterns of sclerotisation on the abdomen and membranous parts covered in wax. Kanturski et al. (2024)

Apterae rather large to very large, brown or yellowish. Body clothed with numerous hairs, which are considerably longer than basal diameter of antennal segment III. Antennae six segmented, hairy, usually with few secondary rhinaria. Eyes with distinct triommatidia. Rostrum with subdivided, rather blunt last segment. Abdominal dorsum pale with intersegmental sclerites, occasionally with great many scleroites. Siphunculi on dark sclerotic cones. Cauda semioval, dark sclerotic. Alatae have pterostigma much longer than its maximum width, not reaching tip of wing. Basu & Hille Ris Lambers (1968), Ghosh (1982)

Apterae medium-sized, body oval, mostly green or lilac coloured. Ocular tubercles lie under middle of eyes. Antennae 6-segmented, with the terminal process distinctly longer than base of segment VI. Primary rhinarium on antennal segment VI with two accessory rhinaria, one basal the other distal. Antennal segment III with ciliated secondary rhinaria in apterae. Fore femora greatly enlarged, adapted to leaping. Dorsal body usually with 6 lines of dorsal tubercles; apex of dorsal tubercles with glands. Siphunculi truncated. Cauda long tongue-shaped. Anal plate slightly divided into two. Qiao & Zhang (2003)

Apterae medium-sized, pear shaped, pale green or yellowish (based on 1 species), covered with flocculent wax. Antennae 6-segmented, shorter than body. Secondary rhinaria present on segment III in alatae only. Apical rostral segment distinctly sclerotized at very base. Legs long, trochanters mostly distinct from femora. Tarsi with 5 hairs on first segment. Empodial hairs long & fine. Abdomen with large marginal & 4 dorsal sclerites in row on each of anterior 6 segments. Siphunculi mere rings, not surrounded by hairs. Cauda short and rounded in aptera, constricted & wider than long in alate. Resembles Phyllaphis and Diphyllaphis but differs in form of empodial hairs and structure of last rostral segment. Takahashi (1960) For live pictures see here.