杜

杜 U+675C, 杜 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-675C ← 杛 [U+675B] CJK Unified Ideographs 杝 → [U+675D]

Translingual

Han character

杜 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, Cangjie input 木土 (DG), four-corner 4491₀, composition ⿰木土)

Derived characters

• 𠴗, 𢭰, 𬇩, 𨧀, 𬭊, 荰, 𥮊, 𧹥, 𬼦, 𨁥, 𪳌

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 512, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14477
• Dae Jaweon: page 897, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1157, character 2
• Unihan data for U+675C

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 杜
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	*ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		杜
alternative forms		土 𡉿

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): dù (du⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): du⁴

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): dū

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): dū

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dou⁶

  (Dongguan, Jyutping++): dou³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): u⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): tu⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): thu

  (Hailu, HRS): tu^˖

  (Meixian, Guangdong): tu⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): du³
• Northern Min (KCR): dū
• Eastern Min (BUC): dô
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dou⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tō͘ / tǒ͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dou⁶

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶du / ⁴du / ⁶dou
  • (Jinhua): ³tu; ⁶du
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou⁵ / dou⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dù
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dù
    • Wade–Giles: tu⁴
    • Yale: dù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: du⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: du
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹³/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: dū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵⁵/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: dū
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): du⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁴⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dou⁶
    • Yale: douh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯²²/
  • (Dongguan, Guancheng)
    • Jyutping++: dou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔu³²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: u⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: tu⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu
    • Hakka Romanization System: tu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: tu^˖
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu³³/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: du³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tu⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dou⁵
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dō
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔu¹¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔu²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: do
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: tǒo
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dou⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Changzhou, Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁶du
    • MiniDict: du^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³du
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /du²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /du¹¹³/
  • (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Ningbo)
    • Wugniu: ⁴du
    • MiniDict: du^上
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /du¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /du²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /du²⁴²/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /du²¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /du¹¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /du¹¹³/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁶dou
    • MiniDict: dou^去
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /dəu²³¹/
  • (Jinhua)
    • Wugniu: ³tu; ⁶du
    • Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /tu⁵³⁵/, /du¹⁴/

Note:

• Jinhua:
  • 6du - surname.

• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: dou⁵ / dou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /təu̯²¹/, /təu̯⁴⁵/

Note:

• dou5 - vernacular;
• dou4 - literary.

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 杜
Mandarin	Beijing	/tu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/tu⁵³/
	Tianjin	/tu⁵³/
	Jinan	/tu²/
	Qingdao	/tu⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/tu³¹²/
	Xi'an	/tu⁴⁴/
	Xining	/tv̩²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/tu¹³/
	Lanzhou	/tu¹³/
	Ürümqi	/tu²¹³/
	Wuhan	/təu³⁵/
	Chengdu	/tu¹³/
	Guiyang	/tu²¹³/
	Kunming	/tu²¹²/
	Nanjing	/tu⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/tu⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tu⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/tu³⁵/
	Hohhot	/tu⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/du²³/
	Suzhou	/dəu³¹/
	Hangzhou	/du¹³/
	Wenzhou	/døy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu²²/
	Tunxi	/təu²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/təu⁵⁵/ /təu¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/təɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu⁵³/
	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tou²²/
	Nanning	/tu²²/
	Hong Kong	/tou²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tɔ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tou²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/tu⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/tou³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔdu³³/ ～絕 /ʔdu³⁵/ 姓

---

• Middle Chinese: duX

Rime
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒古切
Baxter	duX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duoX/
Pan Wuyun	/duoX/
Shao Rongfen	/doX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔX/
Li Rong	/doX/
Wang Li	/duX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
No.	12505
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	杜
Old Chinese	/*l'aːʔ/

Definitions

杜

1. birch-leaved pear (Pyrus betulifolia)
2. to stop; to prevent; to block

   防微杜漸／防微杜渐  ―  fángwēidùjiàn  ―  to nip in the bud

3. to reject
4. (obsolete) to pound; to strike
5. (obsolete, dialectal) astringent
6. (obsolete, dialectal) root
7. Asarum forbesii
8. Pollia japonica
9. name of an ancient pre-Qin state located in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi
10. a surname

    杜甫  ―  Dù Fǔ  ―  Du Fu (Tang dynasty Chinese poet)

Compounds

• 召父杜母
• 小杜
• 慎防杜漸 / 慎防杜渐
• 憑空杜撰
• 房杜姚宋
• 房謀杜斷 / 房谋杜断
• 有杕之杜
• 杜口 (dùkǒu)
• 杜口吞聲 / 杜口吞声
• 杜口無言 / 杜口无言
• 杜口絕舌 / 杜口绝舌
• 杜口結舌 / 杜口结舌
• 杜口絕言 / 杜口绝言
• 杜口裹足
• 杜塞 (Dùsài)
• 杜宇 (dùyǔ)
• 杜山 (Dùshān)
• 杜工部
• 杜康 (dùkāng)
• 杜弊
• 杜微慎防
• 杜撰 (dùzhuàn)
• 李杜 (Lǐ-Dù)
• 杕杜
• 杜梨 (dùlí)
• 杜漸防微 / 杜渐防微
• 杜漸防萌 / 杜渐防萌
• 杜漸除微 / 杜渐除微
• 杜瓦 (Dùwǎ)
• 杜皮 (Dùpí)
• 杜絕 / 杜绝 (dùjué)
• 杜絕後患 / 杜绝后患
• 杜若 (dùruò)
• 杜茅柴
• 杜蘅 (dùhéng)
• 杜諫 / 杜谏
• 杜郵之戮 / 杜邮之戮
• 杜門 / 杜门 (dùmén)
• 杜門不出 / 杜门不出
• 杜門卻掃 / 杜门却扫
• 杜門屏跡 / 杜门屏迹
• 杜門晦跡 / 杜门晦迹
• 杜門株守 / 杜门株守
• 杜門自絕 / 杜门自绝
• 杜門謝客 / 杜门谢客
• 杜陵 (Dùlíng)
• 杜鵑 / 杜鹃 (dùjuān)
• 杜鵑啼血 / 杜鹃啼血
• 杜鵑窩 / 杜鹃窝 (dùjuānwō)
• 杜鵑花 / 杜鹃花 (dùjuānhuā)
• 柅杜
• 萬那杜 / 万那杜 (Wànnàdù)
• 結舌杜口 / 结舌杜口
• 老杜
• 臺灣杜鵑 / 台湾杜鹃
• 蘅杜
• 防微杜漸 / 防微杜渐 (fángwēidùjiàn)
• 防萌杜漸 / 防萌杜渐
• 韋杜 / 韦杜

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (杜):

• → Vietnamese: Đỗ (杜)

Others:

• → English: Du, Tu, To, Toh

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.		杜
alternative forms		肚 土

Possibly be a Kra-Dai substrate word; compare Zhuang duz (classifier for animals), which is a prefix found in the vocabulary for many animals like duzgip (“centipede”), duzgyau (“spider”) and duzlingz (“monkey”) (Zhao, 1991; Tu, 2018).

Pronunciation

• Eastern Min (BUC): dô
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tō͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dou⁶

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• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: do
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dou⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou³⁵/

Definitions

杜

1. (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Prefix found in the names of certain animals.

Compounds

• 杜伯仔
• 杜墊 / 杜垫
• 杜定
• 杜猴
• 杜蚓
• 杜蚓仔
• 杜豬 / 杜猪

Japanese

Kanji

杜

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. careless
2. woods; grove
3. to close (off)
4. Chinese family name "Du"

Readings

• Go-on: ず (zu)
• Kan-on: と (to)
• Kun: もり (mori, 杜)、ふさぐ (fusagu, 杜ぐ)、とじる (tojiru, 杜る)、やまなし (yamanashi, 杜)

Compounds

• 杜若(かきつばた) (kakitsubata)
• 杜撰(ずさん) (zusan): careless, slipshod, faulty
• 杜漏(ずろう) (zurō): careless, negligent
• 杜氏(とじ) (toji): chief brewer at a sake brewery
• 杜絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu), 途絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu): stoppage; interruption; cessation; suspension
• 杜仲(とちゅう) (tochū)
• 杜松(ねず) (nezu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
杜
もり Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
森

Noun

杜(もり) • (mori) 

1. a shrine grove
2. a forest

Derived terms

• 杜(もり)の都(みやこ) (mori no miyako): lit. City of Trees. Nickname for Sendai, Japan
• 鎮守(ちんじゅ)の杜(もり) (chinju no mori): grove of the village shrine

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
杜
やまなし Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Noun

杜(やまなし) • (yamanashi) 

1. wild Japanese pear or mountain pear

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
杜
と Jinmeiyō
kan'on

Proper noun

杜(と) • (To) 

1. Du Fu, Chinese poet

References

• “^▲杜”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

杜 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

杜: Hán Việt readings: đỗ (動(động)五(ngũ)切(thiết)), đổ
杜: Nôm readings: đỗ, đậu, đổ, dỏ, đũa, đỏ, dỗ, đủ, giỗ, rổ, trỗ

1. chữ Hán form of Đỗ (“a surname”)

   杜氏海燕 ― Đỗ Thị Hải Yến