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Theophoric name

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A theophoric name (from Greek: θεόφορος, theophoros, literally "bearing/carrying a god")[1][2] embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or a god's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that deity. For example, names embedding Apollo, such as Apollonios or Apollodorus, existed in Greek antiquity.[3]

Theophoric personal names, containing the name of a god in whose care the individual is entrusted (or a generic word for god), were also exceedingly common in the ancient Near East and Mesopotamia.[4][5][6] Some names of theophoric origin remain common today, such as Theodore (theo-, "god"; -dore, origin of word compound in Greek: doron, "gift"; hence "God's gift"; in Greek: Theodoros) or, less recognisably, Jonathan (from Hebrew Yonatan/Yehonatan, meaning "Yahweh has given").

Classical Greek and Roman theophoric names

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Greek and Roman theophoric names
Deity Name Meaning
Aphrodite Aphrodisius, -a
Hermaphroditus "Hermes and Aphrodite"
Apollo Apollodorus, -a "gift of Apollo"
Apollonides "son of Apollo"
Apollonius
Ares Arius "war-like"
Artemis Artemiche
Artemidorus "gift of Artemis"
Artemisius, -ia
Athena Athenaeus
Athenais
Athenagoras "man in Athena's market"
Athenodorus, -a "gift of Athena"
Cephissus Cephisodorus "gift of Cephissus"
Cephisodotus "given by Cephissus"
Demeter Demetrius, -ia
Demetrodorus "gift of Demeter"
Dionysus Dionysius, -a, Dennis
Dionysodorus, -a "gift of Dionysus"
Dionysicles "glory of Dionysus"
Fortuna Fortunatus "fortunate, lucky"
Hecate Hecataeus
Helios Heliodorus "gift of the Sun"
Hephaestus Hephaestion
Hera Heracles "glory of Hera"
Heraclitus
Herodotus "given by Hera"
Hermes Hermaphroditus "Hermes and Aphrodite"
Hermesianax "king Hermes"
Hermione, Hermion
Hermippus "horse of Hermes"
Hermocrates "strength of Hermes"
Hermogenes "born of Hermes"
Hermolaus "people of Hermes"
Isis Isidorus, -a "gift of Isis"
Mars Marcus
Martialis "Mars-like"
Martinus
Mene (Selene) Menodora "gift of the Moon"
Minerva Minervina "little Minerva"
Nymphs Nymphodora "gift of the nymphs"
Poseidon Poseidippus "horse of Poseidon"
Poseidorus, -a "gift of Poseidon"
Poseidonius
Serapis Serapion
Themis Themistocles "glory of Themis"
Zeus Dio of Zeus (gen. Dios)
Diocles, Diocletian "glory of Zeus"
Diodorus "gift of Zeus"
Zeno of Zeus (gen. Zenos)
Zenobius, -ia "might of Zeus"
Zenodotus "given by Zeus"

Certain names of classical gods are sometimes given as personal names. The most common is Diana and its variants, such as Diane; others include Minerva, Aphrodite, Venus, Isis, or Juno. The first pope to take a regnal name, Pope John II, had the given name Mercurius and changed his name as he considered it inappropriate for the pope to have a pagan deity's name.

Christian theophoric names

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Some Christian saints have polytheistic theophoric names (such as Saint Dionysius, Saint Mercurius, Saint Saturninus, Saint Hermes, Saint Martin of Tours, Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki).

Germanic theophoric names

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Rarely, Germanic names contain the element Wod (such as Woðu-riðe), potentially pointing to an association with the god Odin. In connection, numerous names containing wulf "wolf" have been taken as totemistic, expressing association with Odin in the earliest period, although -ulf degenerated into a mere suffix from an early time (Förstemann 1856).

Hinduism

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The personal names of almost all gods and goddesses of various deities from the polytheistic Hindu pantheon are considered common and traditional names for people from the Indian subcontinent. Many traditional Hindu names are in fact from various names or epithets of Hindu gods or goddesses. This is in addition to compound theophoric names using the name of a deity in addition to possessive qualifiers.

Brahma, the Hindu creator god, is one of the only deities of the pantheon whose name is rarely if ever used as a personal name or a base for theophoric personal names.

Some theophoric names may even in fact be more related to the original etymology of the deity's name itself. For example, both Lakshmi (fortune, success, prosperity) and Lakshmana (prosperous, principal, marked) are names of a deity and an avatar respectively, which are related to laksh (Sanskrit: लक्ष्, romanized: lakṣ, lit. 'to mark or see').[7]

Pre-Islamic polytheism

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Islam

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Judaism

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שָׁלוֹם
This article contains Hebrew text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters.

Much Hebrew theophory occurs in the Jewish Bible. The most prominent theophoric names are:

  • names containing El, a word meaning might, power and (a) god in general, and hence in Judaism, God and among the Canaanites the name of the god who was the father of Baal.
  • names containing Yah, a shortened form of Yahweh.
  • names referring to Levantine deities (especially the storm god, Hadad) by the epithet Baal, meaning lord.

In later times, as the conflict between Yahwism and the more popular pagan practices became increasingly intense, these names were censored and Baal was replaced with Bosheth, meaning shameful one. But abbreviations of the name Yahweh do not appear in theophoric names until the time of Joshua, and for the most part is very rare until the time of King Saul, when it began to be very popular.[8]

El

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Yahweh

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Abbreviations of the name of the Israelite deity YHWH (usually shortened to Yah or Yahu, and Yeho or Yo) appear as a prefix or suffix in many theophoric names of the First Temple Period. For example, Yirme-yahu (Jeremiah), Yesha-yahu (Isaiah), Netan-yah, Yedid-yah, Adoni-yah, Nekhem-yah, Yeho-natan (Jonathan), Yeho-chanan (John), Yeho-shua (Joshua), Yeho-tzedek, Zekharya (Zechariah).

"Yahū" or "Yah" is the abbreviation of YHWH when used as a suffix in Hebrew names; as a prefix it appears as "Yehō-", or "Yo". It was formerly thought to be abbreviated from the Masoretic pronunciation "Yehovah". There is an opinion[9] that, as Yahweh is likely an imperfective verb form, "Yahu" is its corresponding preterite or jussive short form: compare yiŝtahaweh (imperfective), yiŝtáhû (preterit or jussive short form) = "do obeisance".

In the table below, 13 theophoric names with "Yeho" have corresponding forms where the letters eh have been omitted. There is a theory by Christian Ginsburg that this is because Hebrew scribes omitted the "h", changing Jeho (יְהוֹ) into Jo (יוֹ), to make the start of "Yeho-" names not sound like an attempt to pronounce the Divine Name.[10][11]

Strong's # the name other element English conventional form
long formshort form long form short form long formshort form
30593099יְהוֹאָחָזYᵉho'achazיוֹאָחָזYo'achazachaz [# 270]JehoahazJoahaz
30603101יְהוֹאָשYᵉho'ashיוֹאָשYo'ash'esh [# 784]JehoashJoash
30753107יְהוֹזָבָדYᵉhozabadיוֹזָבָדYozabadzabad [# 2064]JehozabadJozabad
30763110יְהוֹחָנָןYᵉhowchananיוֹחָנָןYochananchanan [# 2603]YehochananJochanan
30773111יְהוֹיָדָעYᵉhoyadaיוֹיָדָעYoyadayada [# 3045]JehoiadaJoiada
30783112יְהוֹיָכִיןYᵉhoyakinיוֹיָכִיןYoyakinkun [# 3559]YehoyakinJoiakin
30793113יְהוֹיָקִיםYᵉhoyaqimיוֹיָקִיםYoyaqimqum [# 3965]YehoyakimJoakim
30803114יְהוֹיָרִיבYᵉhoyaribיוֹיָרִיבYoyaribrib [# 7378]JehoiaribJoiarib
30823122יְהוֹנָדָבYᵉhonadabיוֹנָדָבYonadabnadab [# 5068]JehonadabJonadab
30833129יְהוֹנָתָןYᵉhonathanיוֹנָתָןYonathannathan [# 5414]YehonathanJonathan
3085—יְהוֹעַדָּהYᵉho'addah——'adah [# 5710]Jehoaddah—
30873136יְהוֹצָדָקYᵉhotsadaqיוֹצָדָקYotsadaqtsadaq [# 6663]JehozadakJozadak
30883141יְהוֹרָםYᵉhoramיוֹרָםYoramrum [# 7311]JehoramJoram
30923146יְהוֹשָפָטYᵉhoshaphatיוֹשָפָטYoshaphatshaphat [# 8199]JehoshaphatJoshaphat
3470a3470יְשַׁעְיָהוּYᵉsha'yahuיְשַׁעְיָהYᵉsha'yahyasha [# 3467]YeshayahuIsaiah
5418a5418נְתַנְיָהוּNᵉthanyahuנְתַנְיָהNᵉthanyahnathan [# 5414]NetanyahuNetaniah
138a138אֲדֹנִיָּהוּ'Adoniyahuאֲדֹנִיָּה'Adoniyah'adown [# 113]AdoniyahuAdonijah
452a452אֵלִיָּהוּ'Eliyahuאֵלִיָּה'Eliyah'el [# 410]EliyahuElijah
3414a3414יִרְמְיָהוּYirmᵉyahuיִרְמְיָהYirmᵉyahrum [# 7311]YirmeyahuJeremiah
—5166——נְחֶמְיָהNᵉchemyahnacham [# 5162]—Nechemiah

Referring to other gods

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Theophoric names containing "Baal" were sometimes altered to -bosheth (“shame”), producing forms such as Ish-bosheth, likely reflecting later opposition to the deity.

Ancient Near Eastern theophoric names

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Aramean

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Assyrian

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Babylonian

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Carthaginian

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Elamite

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Hittite

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Mariote

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  • Itūr-Mēr: "Mer has turned [to me]" or "Mer has returned"
  • Tukulti-Mer: "my trust is in Mer"
  • Yaggid-Lim: (Amorite) "Lim (deity) is stretched out" or "Lim extends/lengthens" or "may the god Lim prolong (life or the dynasty)"
  • Yahdun-Lim: "Lim favors" or "Lim is gracious/gives pleasure"
  • Zimri-Lim: "my protection is Lim" or "Lim is my help/strength"

Phoenician

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Samarian

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Sumerian

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References

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  1. ↑ "theophoric". Merriam-Webster online dictionary.
  2. ↑ θεόφορος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  3. ↑ Shendge, Malati J. The Language of the Harappans: From Akkadian to Sanskrit, 1997. p 24. "It may also be interpreted as theophorous names, i.e. the name of the god forming part of the name of an individual. The usage is theophorous because besides the eponymous Asura, each individual of high or low status has a personal name."
  4. ↑ Zadok, R. The Pre-Hellenistic Israelite Anthroponymy and Prosopography, 1988. p 16. "The Period of the Judges (J) The theophorous names constitute a sizable minority (almost 40%). Many of the hypocoristica possibly originate from compound theophorous names (e.g., Abdon, Gerd, J21 1 1 1 1, 2141 12)."
  5. ↑ Benz, Frank L. Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. p 233. "Any one of the three major types of elements, divine name or theophorous, nominal, or verbal can make up a Phoenician-Punic hypocoristic name. The divine name hypocoristic is the least attested. The simplest formation is that of a single ..."
  6. ↑ Drijvers, H. J. W. Cults and Behafs at Edessa, 1980. p 21. "The proper names, which are mainly theophorous ones, may increase our knowledge of the religious feeling of the people of Edessa and of the cults practiced by them, insofar as their theophorous elements reflect existing beliefs."
  7. ↑ Madhuri Agrawal. Dictionary, Sanskrit English Dictionary Wilson.
  8. ↑ Mark Haughwout, "Personal Names Before Exodus 6:2-3"
  9. ↑ Anson F. Rainey, How Yahweh Was Pronounced Archived December 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, QUERIES & COMMENTS.
  10. ↑ Christian Ginsburg, Introduction To the Massoretico-Critical Edition Of The Hebrew Bible, p 369
  11. ↑ Scott Jones, Jehovah Archived December 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Dietz Otto Edzard (1999). Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: A - Bepaste. Walter De Gruyter Inc. p. 29.
  13. ↑ Van der Spek 2014, p. 249.
  14. ↑ [13]
  15. ↑ K. Fabritius (1998). K. Radner (ed.). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 131–132.
  16. ↑ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (Third ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 288. ISBN 0-14-012523-X.
  17. ↑ K. Åkerman (1998). "Aššūr-bēl-kala". In K. Radner (ed.). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. p. 171.
  18. ↑ K. Åkerman (1998). K. Radner (ed.). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. p. 171.
  19. ↑ K. Åkerman (1998). "Aššūr-dugul". In K. Radner (ed.). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 179–180.
  20. ↑ Tallqvist 1914, p. 42.
  21. ↑ [20]
  22. ↑ K. Radner (1998). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. p. 209.
  23. ↑ E. Frahm (1998). K. Radner (ed.). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. p. 215.
  24. ↑ Radner 2019, p. 136.
  25. ↑ [24]
  26. ↑ Kia 2016, p. 214.
  27. ↑ [26]
  28. ↑ Bertin 1891, p. 42.
  29. ↑ [28]
  30. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  31. ↑ [30]
  32. ↑ Teppo, Saana (2005). Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (PDF) (Thesis). University of Helsinki.
  33. ↑ Novotny 2004, pp. 1083–1084.
  34. ↑ [33]
  35. ↑ George V. Yana (2008). "Ancient and Modern Assyrians: A Scientific Analysis". Xlibris Corporation. p. 149. ISBN 9781465316295.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  36. ↑ The British Museum 1886, p. ix.
  37. ↑ [36]
  38. ↑ Bertin 1891, p. 50.
  39. ↑ [38]
  40. ↑ Jursa 2007, p. 134.
  41. ↑ [40]
  42. ↑ "Sumerian Dictionary". oracc.iaas.upenn.edu.
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