Pleurotus eryngii
| Pleurotus eryngii | |
|---|---|
,_2012-10-03,_DD_01.JPG) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Pleurotaceae |
| Genus: | Pleurotus |
| Species: | P. eryngii |
| Binomial name | |
| Pleurotus eryngii | |
| Pleurotus eryngii | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is depressed or offset |
 | Hymenium is decurrent |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is choice |
Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, eryngi, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes,[Note 1] trumpet royale, aliʻi oyster)[citation needed] is an Old World species of fungus.
Taxonomy
[edit]The species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of Eryngium campestre or other Eryngium plants (English names: 'sea holly' or 'eryngo'). P. eryngii is a species complex and a number of varieties have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family.
- Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii (DC.) Quél 1872 – associated with Eryngium ssp.
- Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. 1887 – associated with Ferula communis[1]
- Pleurotus eryngii var. tingitanus Lewinsohn 2002 – associated with Ferula tingitana[1]
- Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000 – associated with Elaeoselinum asclepium[2][3]
- Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002 – associated with Thapsia garganica[4]
Other specimens of P. eryngii have been reported in association with plants in the genera Ferulago, Cachrys, Laserpitium, and Diplotaenia, all in Apiaceae.[5]
Molecular studies have shown P. nebrodensis to be closely related to, but distinct from, P. eryngii.[5] Pleurotus fossulatus may be another closely related species.[5]
Phylogeny
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Pleurotus populations growing on umbellifers seem to have recently diverged through a sympatric speciation process that is based on both intrinsic reproductive barriers and extrinsic ecogeographical factors.[citation needed]
Description
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The tannish cap is 4–15 centimetres (1+1⁄2–6 in) wide, smooth and slightly velvety. It is convex then flattens, with a thin margin that is initially inrolled then spreads out.[6] The whitish gills are decurrent, dense and anastomosed. The whitish stem is 3–10 cm (1+1⁄4–4 in) tall and 1–3 cm wide.[6]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Its natural range extends from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Basin (including North Africa)[6] and Central Europe into Western Asia and India.[5]
Unlike other species of Pleurotus, which are primarily wood-decay fungi, the P. eryngii complex are also weak parasites on the roots of herbaceous plants in the carrot family, although they may also be cultured on organic wastes.[5][7]
Ecology
[edit]Pleurotus eryngii is a saprotrophic fungus. It grows in association with members of the carrot family[1] including Eryngium species.
It is also a nematode-trapping fungus, thereby receiving nutrition.[8] This provides phylogenetic clues about its apparent diversion from saprophytism about 419 million years ago (Mya) following the origin of nematodes (about 550–600 Mya), possibly suggesting their coevolution.[citation needed]
Pleurotus eryngii extract reduced the number of Panagrellus species larvae after 24 hours by 90%. P. eryngii has predatory activity against Panagrellus species larvae due to toxin production and negatively affects Meloidogyne javanica eggs and juveniles development.[citation needed]
Uses
[edit]The mushroom has a good shelf life and is widely cultivated. It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops rich umami flavor and a meaty texture. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods can be used in the mushroom industry for the classification and maintenance of high-quality mushroom spawns.[citation needed] P. eryngii are commercially produced, edible mushrooms, comprising 30% of the Korean edible mushroom market since its introduction in 1995.[citation needed] It is commonly used as a meat substitute.[citation needed]
Pleurotus eryngii may contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system.[9] Dietary intake of P. eryngii may function as cholesterol-lowering dietary agent.[10]
Like some other Pleurotus species, P. eryngii attacks nematodes[8] and may provide a control method for these parasites when they infect cats and dogs.[citation needed]
It is very frequently used in Apulian cuisine. An example of this is when it is put on top of orecchiette.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ The name "boletus of the steppes" is misleading as P. eryngii is a gilled mushroom in order Agaricales, and Boletus is a genus of mushrooms with pores rather than gills in order Boletales.
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 Lewinsohn, D.; Wasser, S. P.; Reshetnikov, S. V.; Hadar, Y.; Nevo, E. (2002). "The Pleurotus eryngii species-complex in Israel: distribution and morphological description of a new taxon". Mycotaxon. 81: 51–67.
- ↑ Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; La Rocca, S. (2000). "Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 76: 419–427.
- ↑ Estrada, Alma E. Rodriguez; Jimenez-Gasco, Maria del Mar; Royse, Daniel J. (May 2010). "Pleurotus eryngii species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes". Fungal Biology. 114 (5–6): 421–428. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003. PMID 20943152.
- ↑ Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; Saitta, A. (2002). "Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 81: 69–74.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Venturella, Giuseppe; Zervakis, Georgios I.; Papadopoulou, Kalliopi (1 November 2001). "Genetic polymorphism and taxonomic infrastructure of the Pleurotus eryngii species-complex as determined by RAPD analysis, isozyme profiles and ecomorphological characters". Microbiology. 147 (11): 3183–3194. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-11-3183. PMID 11700370.
- 1 2 3 "Pleurotus Eryngii: a complete analysis of the King Oyster mushroom". NaturNext. December 2, 2024. Retrieved 2025-10-30.
- ↑ Estrada, Alma E. Rodriguez; Royse, Daniel J. (February 2008). "Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis: from the wild to commercial production". Mushroom News. 56 (2): 4.
- 1 2 Su, Hao; Zhao, Yong; Zhou, Jing; Feng, Huihua; Jiang, Dewei; Zhang, Ke-Qin; Yang, Jinkui (February 2017). "Trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi: formation, evolution, and genomic perspectives: Trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi". Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 357–368. doi:10.1111/brv.12233. PMID 26526919. S2CID 31294847.
- ↑ Nozaki, Hirofumi; Itonori, Saki; Sugita, Mutsumi; Nakamura, Kimihide; Ohba, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Akemi; Kushi, Yasunori (August 2008). "Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 α/β TCR-double positive cells in vitro". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 373 (3): 435–439. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047. PMID 18577373.
- ↑ Alam, Nuhu; Yoon, Ki Nam; Lee, Jae Seong; Cho, Hae Jin; Shim, Mi Ja; Lee, Tae Soo (Oct 2011). "Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18 (4): 403–409. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.07.001. ISSN 1319-562X. PMC 3730794. PMID 23961153.
Further reading
[edit]- Ravash, Rudabe; Shiran, Behrouz; Alavi, Aziz-Allah; Bayat, Fereshteh; Rajaee, Saeideh; Zervakis, Georgios I. (May 2010). "Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of Pleurotus eryngii species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations". Mycological Progress. 9 (2): 181–194. Bibcode:2010MycPr...9..181R. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2. S2CID 19342206.
- Ro, Hyeon-Su; Kim, Sung Soon; Ryu, Jae San; Jeon, Che-Ok; Lee, Tae Soo; Lee, Hyun-Sook (1 June 2007). "Comparative studies on the diversity of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii: ITS sequence analysis, RAPD fingerprinting, and physiological characteristics". Mycological Research. 111 (6): 710–715. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.016. PMID 17604148.
- Sufiate, Bruna Leite; Soares, Filippe Elias de Freitas; Moreira, Samara Silveira; Gouveia, Angélica de Souza; Monteiro, Thalita Suelen Avelar; Freitas, Leandro Grassi de; Queiroz, José Humberto de (1 October 2017). "Nematicidal action of Pleurotus eryngii metabolites". Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 12: 216–219. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2017.10.009.
- Rajarathnam, S.; Bano, Zakia; Miles, Philip G. (1 January 1987). "Pleurotus mushrooms. Part I A. morphology, life cycle, taxonomy, breeding, and cultivation". CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 26 (2): 157–223. doi:10.1080/10408398709527465. PMID 3322683.
External links
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Media related to Pleurotus eryngii at Wikimedia Commons