Ottoman–Persian Wars

For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Part of the Ottoman wars in Asia
Date 1505–1823 Location Mesopotamia (Ottoman Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus) Result Indecisive Territorial changes Ottomans consolidated their power in Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia (Ottoman Iraq), Iran consolidates their power in the Caucasus
Belligerents
Safavid Empire Afsharid Iran Zand Iran Qajar Iran	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Ismail I (WIA) Tahmasp I Mohammad Khodabanda Abbas I Safi Nader Shah Karim Khan Fath-Ali Shah	Selim I Suleiman I Murad III Ahmed I Mustafa I Osman II Murad IV Mahmud I Abdul Hamid I Mahmud II

The Ottoman–Persian Wars also called the Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar states of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Ottoman Iraq.

List

Name of the war	Sultan of Ottoman Empire	Shah of Persian Empire	Treaty at the end of the war	Victorious Empire
War of 1505–1517	Selim I	Ismail I	None	Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555	Suleiman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1578–1590	Murad III	Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612	Ahmed I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha	Persian Empire
War of 1616–1618	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Constantinople (1736)	Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Indecisive
War of 1776–1779	Abdul Hamid I	Karim Khan Zand	None	Indecisive
War of 1820–1823	Mahmud II	Fath-Ali Shah Qajar	Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	Indecisive

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.

Other conflicts

Name of the war	Sultan of Ottoman Empire	Shah of Persian Empire	Treaty at the end of the war	Victorious Empire
War of 1906	Abdul Hamid II	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah	None	Indecisive
War of 1914–1918	Mehmed V	Ahmad Shah	Armistice of Mudros (1918)	Indecisive

See also

• Ottoman–Safavid relations
• Habsburg–Persian alliance
• Franco-Ottoman alliance
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Russo-Turkish Wars

Similar conflicts:

• Greco–Persian wars
• Roman–Persian wars
• Byzantine–Seljuk wars
• Battle of Ankara
• Battle of Otlukbeli
• Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)
• Persian campaign (World War I)

Sources

• Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
• Hala Mundhir, Fattah (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438402376.
• Jaques, Tony (30 November 2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century [3 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313335365.
• Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6. pp. 561–564.
• Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.