Malaysian Mandarin
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2015) |
| Malaysian Mandarin | |
|---|---|
| 马来西亚华语 馬來西亞華語 Mǎláixīyà Huáyǔ | |
| Region | Malaysia |
Native speakers | 6-7 million |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Simplified Chinese characters (de jure) Traditional Chinese characters | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Malaysia |
| Regulated by | Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-bbd-(part)(=colloquial) |
| IETF | cmn-MY |
Malaysian Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 马来西亚华语; traditional Chinese: 馬來西亞華語; pinyin: Mǎláixīyà Huáyǔ) is a variety of the Chinese language spoken in Malaysia by ethnic Chinese residents. It is currently the primary language used by the Malaysian Chinese community.[1]
Due to the multilingual nature of Malaysian society, Malaysian Mandarin speakers often colloquially code-switch to Malay or English when it comes to local terms or names, even if an official, formal Mandarin term exists. For instance, the formal translation for the street "Jalan Bukit Kepong" is known as "武吉甲洞路" (Wǔjí Jiǎdòng lù; 'Bukit Kepong Road') and is used as such in local Chinese media, but the latter term is rarely used colloquially. Instead, people often use the original Malay name as is. There are exceptions such as Taiping since the name is derived from the Chinese. when people mention the place and speak local Mandarin, they always use its Mandarin pronunciation, "Tàipíng", instead of its Malay pronunciation, which is closer to "Taipeng". Another example is a place's Chinese translation that varies greatly from its native Malay name. For example, Teluk Intan, Seremban, Kota Kinabalu and Bau are preferably referred respectively as Ānsùn (安順) (which refers to "Teluk Anson", Teluk Intan's former colonial name), Fúróng (芙蓉), Yàbì (亞庇) and Shilongmen (石隆門).
Phonology
[edit]The phonology of Malaysian Mandarin is more closely aligned with the Mandarin accents of Southern China than with the Beijing standard pronunciation. That is a consequence of the influence of other Sinitic varieties, including Cantonese and Hokkien.[1]
In comparison with Standard Chinese, Taiwanese and Singaporean Mandarin, Malaysian Mandarin is characterised by a relatively tonally 'flat' sound, as well as an extensive use of glottal stops and the "checked tone".[1] That results in a distinct "clipped" sound compared to other forms of Mandarin.
- The phonemes "j", "x", and "h" (as in 級 ji, 西 xi, and 漢 han) tend to be pronounced as /t͡s/, /s/, and /h/ (rather than /t͡ɕ/, /ɕ/, and /x/) – also influenced by absence of alveopalatals in Malay phonology.[2]
- the "er" phoneme (as in 兒 or 二) is usually pronounced as /ə/ (instead of /ɚ/)
- the "i" phoneme (as in 吃, 十, or 日) is usually pronounced as /ɨ~ə/ (instead of /ɹ̩~ɻ̩/)
- the "r" phoneme (as in 然) is usually pronounced as /ɹ/ (similar to English, instead of /ʐ/)
Demographics
[edit]As of 2014, 93% of ethnic Chinese families in Malaysia speak varieties of Chinese, which includes Mandarin.[3]
Early Ming and Qing immigrants
[edit]The majority of ethnic Chinese people living in Malaysia came from China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, between the 15th and early 20th centuries. Earlier immigrants married Malays and assimilated to a larger extent than later waves of migrants and form a distinct sub-ethnic group, known as the Peranakans, and their descendants speak Malay.
The majority of immigrants were speakers of Hokkien (Min Nan), Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, and Hainanese. In the 19th century, Qing immigrants to Malaya had no single common language and were mostly uneducated peasants. They tended to cluster themselves according to the ethno-linguistic group, usually corresponding to their place of origin, and worked with relatives and other speakers of the same language. In 1879, according to Isabella Bird, a visitor to the tin mining boomtown of Taiping, Perak, "five topolects of Chinese are spoken, and Chinamen constantly communicate with each other in Malay, because they can't understand each other's Chinese".[4]
The Chinese languages spoken in Malaysia have over the years become localized (e.g. Penang Hokkien), as is apparent from the use of Malay and English loan words. Words from other Chinese languages are also injected, depending on the educational and cultural background of the speaker. Mandarin in Malaysia has also been localized as a result of the influence of other Chinese variants spoken in Malaysia, rather than of Malay. Loan words were discouraged in Mandarin instructions at local Chinese school and regarded as mispronunciations.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Standard Mandarin
- Taiwanese Mandarin
- Philippine Mandarin
- Regional differences in the Chinese language
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Khoo, Kiak Uei (1 March 2017). "Malaysian Mandarin variation with regard to Mandarin globalization trend: Issues on language standardization". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (244): 65–86. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0057. ISSN 1613-3668. S2CID 151899075.
Today, though recent studies showed the spread of Mandarin to replace Chinese dialects as the lingua franca among Chinese populations in Malaysia (Wang 2012), due to the unique dialectal groupings of Chinese populations among many townships nationwide, Chinese dialects still maintain their strongholds as regional languages, not dismissing the fact that they still remain as the most widely used household language (Khoo 2012).
- ^ Huang Ting; Chang Yueh-chin; Hsieh Feng-fan (December 2016). "Articulatory Characteristics of the Coronal Consonants in Malaysian Mandarin: With Special Reference to the Non-"Canonical" Sibilants". Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 46 (4). National Tsing Hua University: 775–9. doi:10.6503/THJCS.2016.46(4).03.
- ^ Saiful Bahri Kamaruddin. "Research Found Malaysian Chinese Do Not Give Due Attention To Bahasa Malaysia Usage Deprecated link archived 11 March 2015 at archive.today" (Archive). National University of Malaysia. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015. "She also found 93% of Malaysian families of Chinese origin speak Mandarin with many different combinations of dialects and currently 53% of the respondents speak Chinese dialects with their parents compared with 42% in 1970."
- ^ [The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature by Prof. Dato' Dr Asmah Haji Omar (2004) ISBN 981-3018-52-6.]
External links
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