Francisco S. Carvajal
Francisco S. Carvajal | |
|---|---|
 Carvajal in 1914 | |
| 40th President of Mexico | |
| In office 15 July – 13 August 1914 | |
| Vice President | Vacant[a] |
| Preceded by | Victoriano Huerta |
| Succeeded by | Eulalio Gutiérrez (Convention of Aguascalientes) Venustiano Carranza (1917 Constitution)[b] |
| Secretary of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 10 July – 15 July 1914 | |
| President | Victoriano Huerta |
| Preceded by | Roberto Esteva Ruiz |
| Succeeded by | Rafael Díaz Iturbide |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual 9 December 1870 San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico |
| Died | 30 September 1932 (aged 61) Mexico City, Mexico |
| Resting place | Panteón Francés |
| Education | National Autonomous University of Mexico |
| Signature |  |
Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual[c] (9 December 1870 – 30 September 1932) was a Mexican lawyer and politician who served briefly as president in 1914, during the Mexican Revolution. In his role as secretary of foreign affairs, he succeeded Victoriano Huerta as president upon the latter's resignation.
Biography
[edit]Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual[3][c] was born on 9 December 1870 in San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche.[4][5] He was the son of Francisco Carvajal and Mercedes Gual. Carvajal received his primary and secondary education in Campeche, and then attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, where he received a law degree.[6] He then began to work as a lawyer.[4][6]
Carvajal's knowledge from his legal profession allowed him to hold public office during the rule of President Porfirio Díaz.[5] In 1901 he was the general secretary for the state of Campeche, and then served as a substitute senator for Tomás Azuar y Cano.[3] He was then the secretary general for the government of the state of Tabasco, and in 1908 he negotiated the borders between Tabasco and Chiapas.[3][5] On 3 October of that year, he was made a justice on the Supreme Court, holding a seat in the third chamber.[3] On May 3, 1911, Díaz named him as his representative at the peace conference with constitutionalist rebel Francisco I. Madero. In 1913, after Victoriano Huerta had seized power from Madero, Huerta named him president of the Supreme Court.
On 10 July 1914, Huerta named him to the cabinet as secretary of foreign affairs, succeeding Roberto Esteva Ruiz.[7][8] When Huerta resigned on 15 July, Carvajal was legally next-in-line to the presidency and assumed the office.[9][10]
He appointed a cabinet consisting of José María Luján as secretary of the interior, Rafael Díaz Iturbide as secretary of foreign affairs, Gilberto Trujillo as secretary of finance and public credit, José Refugio Velasco as secretary of war and navy, Jesús M. Ochoa as secretary of communications and pubic works, Rubén Valenti as secretary of public instruction and fine arts, Eduardo Preciat Castillo as secretary of justice, Antonio Escandón as secretary of industry and commerce, and Carlos Noriega as secretary of agriculture and colonization. Ochoa was later replaced by Isaac Bustamante and Noriega by Manuel R. Vera.[11]
During his month-long presidential term, he oversaw the transfer of power to Venustiano Carranza and his Constitutionalist Army under the terms of the Teoloyucan Treaties.[citation needed] Carvajal left control of Mexico City in the hands of General Eduardo Iturbide, the governor of the Federal District,[12] and on the morning of 13 August, he fled the city for Veracruz to leave the country.[13] Carranza gained de facto control of the executive the following year, despite not being formally elected to the Presidency until 1917.
Carvajal left for the United States. In New Orleans, he met and married Louise Martin. They had one child, Francisco Carvajal, on October 19, 1918. He returned to Mexico City in 1922 to take up his legal profession again and died there on September 20, 1932.[citation needed] He was buried in the Panteón Francés.[6]
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ↑ After the ousting of President Francisco Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez, Presidents Pedro Lascuráin and Victoriano Huerta, technically being interim presidents, lacked vice presidents. Carvajal was another interim president, and also lacked a vice president. Mexico did not have a constitutional president after Carvajal until Venustiano Carranza created the Constitution of 1917, and won the election that year. The 1917 Constitution lacked a vice presidential position, and Carranza ran with no running mate. Pino Suárez was thus Mexico's final vice president.
- ↑ After the ousting of President Victoriano Huerta, and Carvajal's brief interim presidency, Venustiano Carranza formed the Constitutionalist Army and proclaimed himself leader of Mexico, while the forces of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata held the Convention of Aguascalientes, which appointed three men to serve as President in 1915. Carvajal's immediate successor was Eulalio Gutiérrez as he was selected by the Convention. Carranza was the next constitutional president, although by 1917 when Carranza officially took office, the Constitution of 1917 had replaced the previous one Carvajal had served under.
- 1 2 Some sources spell his name as Carbajal.[1] He used the spelling Carvajal.[2]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ↑ Knight, Alan. The Mexican Revolution, v. 2, 170-71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
- ↑ Villalpando & Rosas 2009, p. 180.
- 1 2 3 4 Cabrera y Acevedo 2017, p. 29
- 1 2 "Francisco S. Carvajal". Presidencia de la República de México (in Spanish). 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- 1 2 3 Ruiz del Campo V. 2009, p. 123
- 1 2 3 León Robles de la Torre, José (13 April 2010). "Personajes en la historia de México". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 February 2025. Retrieved 18 September 2026.
- ↑ Serrano Álvarez 2011, p. 204.
- ↑ Quijano Torres 2012, p. 216.
- ↑ Villalpando & Rosas 2009, pp. 180–181.
- ↑ Serrano Álvarez 2011, p. 205.
- ↑ Quijano Torres 2012, pp. 213–214.
- ↑ Villalpando & Rosas 2009, p. 181.
- ↑ Serrano Álvarez 2011, p. 208.
Bibliography
[edit]- Cabrera y Acevedo, Lucio Raúl (2017). Historia del Poder Judicial de la Federación 1901-1920 (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. ISBN 978-607-630-058-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2025.
- Quijano Torres, Manuel (2012). 200 Años de Administración Pública en México, Tomo III: Los Gabinetes en México, 1824-2012 (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública. ISBN 978-607-9026-20-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2024.
- Ruiz del Campo V., Carmen Margarita (2009) [1992]. "Francisco S. Carvajal" (PDF). In Galeana, Patricia (ed.). Cancilleres de México, tomo II: 1910-1988 (in Spanish). Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. pp. 122–129. ISBN 968-810-390-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2026.
- Serrano Álvarez, Pablo (2011). Cronología de la Revolución (1906-1917) (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. ISBN 978-607-7916-11-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2025.
- Villalpando, José Manuel; Rosas, Alejandro (2009) [2003]. Historia de México a través de sus gobernantes (PDF) (in Spanish). Planeta. ISBN 978-970-37-0770-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2024.
- (in Spanish) "Carvajal, Francisco", Enciclopedia de México, vol. 6. Mexico City, 1996, ISBN 1-56409-016-7.
- (in Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
- (in Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5.
External links
[edit]- "Francisco S. Carvajal". Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México – Unidad Bicentenario (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2026.
- "Francisco S. Carvajal y Gual" (PDF). Museo de los Presidentes Coahuilenses. Saltillo, Coahuila. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2026. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
- "Francisco S. Carvajal (1870-1934)". Familia Virtual (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
