| | 韓傳: |
韓在帶方之南，東西以海為限，南與倭接，方可四千里。有三種，一曰馬韓，二曰辰韓，三曰弁韓。辰韓者，古之辰國也。馬韓在西。其民土著，種植，知蠶桑，作緜布。各有長帥，大者自名為臣智，其次為邑借，散在山海間，無城郭。有爰襄國、牟水國、桑外國、小石索國、大石索國、優休牟涿國、臣濆沽國、伯濟國、速盧不斯國、日華國、古誕者國、古離國、怒藍國、月支國、咨離牟盧國、素謂乾國、古爰國、莫盧國、卑離國、占離卑國、臣釁國、支侵國、狗盧國、卑彌國、監奚卑離國、古蒲國、致利鞠國、冉路國、兒林國、駟盧國、內卑離國、感奚國、萬盧國、辟卑離國、臼斯烏旦國、一離國、不彌國、支半國、狗素國、捷盧國、牟盧卑離國、臣蘇塗國、莫盧國、古臘國、臨素半國、臣雲新國、如來卑離國、楚山塗卑離國、一難國、狗奚國、不雲國、不斯濆邪國、爰池國、乾馬國、楚離國，凡五十餘國。大國萬餘家，小國數千家，總十餘萬戶。辰王治月支國。臣智或加優呼臣雲遣支報安邪踧支濆臣離兒不例拘邪秦支廉之號。其官有魏率善、邑君、歸義侯、中郎將、都尉、伯長。 |
| | Han was located south of Daifang, with the sea as its eastern and western boundary; to the south it bordered Wa, covering an area of four thousand li. There were three kinds: first was Mahan, second was Chonhan, and third was Byeonhan. Chonhan was the ancient Chen Guo (Chen State). Mahan was located to the west. Their people were settled in the land, engaged in cultivation, knew sericulture and mulberry planting, and made cotton cloth. Each had its own chieftain; the largest called themselves Chenzhi, and the next in rank were Yijie. They were scattered among mountains and seas, without walled cities or fortifications. There were the Yuexiang Guo, Mou Shui Guo, Sang Wai Guo, Xiao Shi Suo Guo, Da Shi Suo Guo, Youxiu Muzhuo Guo, Chen Fen Gu Guo, Bo Ji Guo, Sulubusi Guo, Rihua Guo, Gudan Zhe Guo, Gulv Guo, Nulan Guo, Yuechi Guo, Zili Mulu Guo, Suwei Qian Guo, Guyuan Guo, Molu Guo, Bili Guo, Zhani Bili Guo, Chenshen Guo, Chiqin Guo, Gulu Guo, Bi Mi Guo, Jianxi Bili Guo, Gu Pu Guo, Zhili Ju Guo, Ranlu Guo, Erlin Guo, Silu Guo, Nei Bili Guo, Ganxi Guo, Wanlu Guo, Pibi Bili Guo, Jiusi Wudan Guo, Yili Guo, Bu Mi Guo, Zhiban Guo, Gousu Guo, Jielu Guo, Mulu Bili Guo, Chen Sutu Guo, Molu Guo again, Gulaxia Guo, Linsuban Guo, Chenyunxin Guo, Rulai Bili Guo, Cusan Tu Bili Guo, Yinanguo, Gouxi Guo, Buyun Guo, Busi Fenxia Guo, Yuanchi Guo, Qianma Guo, Chuli Guo—altogether more than fifty states. The larger states had over ten thousand households, and the smaller ones several thousand households; altogether there were more than a hundred thousand households in total. The ruler of Chonhan governed the Yuechi Guo. Chenzhi or others added titles such as Youhu, Chenyun, Zhidao, Anxia, Duzhi, Fenchen, Lier, Bileiju Xiaqin, Zhi Lian, and so on. Their officials included Weilvshan, Yijun, Guiyi Hou, Zhonglangjiang, Duyi, and Bochang.
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| | 韓傳: |
侯準旣僭號稱王，為燕亡人衞滿所攻奪， |
| | After Hou Zhun claimed the title of king in violation of protocol, he was attacked and overthrown by Wei Man, a fugitive from Yan.
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| | 韓傳: |
將其左右宮人走入海，居韓地，自號韓王。其後絕滅，今韓人猶有奉其祭祀者。漢時屬樂浪郡，四時朝謁。 |
| | The Wei Lue states: In the past, Hou Chaoxian, a descendant of Ji Zi, observed the decline of the Zhou dynasty. Yan elevated itself to kingship and sought to expand eastward; in response, the Marquis of Chaoxian also declared himself king, intending to raise an army to resist Yan and uphold the authority of the Zhou royal house. His minister Li advised against it, so he ceased his plans. He sent Li westward to persuade Yan, and Yan halted its advance, refraining from attacking. Later, as his descendants gradually became arrogant and tyrannical, Yan sent the general Qin Kai to attack their western territories, seizing more than two thousand li of land, up to Manpanhan as the boundary; thus Chaoxian gradually weakened. When the Qin dynasty unified the empire, it sent Meng Tian to build the Great Wall as far as Liaodong. At that time, King Feili of Chaoxian feared a Qin attack and nominally submitted to the Qin dynasty, but refused to attend court assemblies. After Feili died, his son Hou Zhun succeeded him. More than twenty years later, Chen Sheng and Xiang Yu rose to power, causing chaos throughout the empire. The people of Yan, Qi, and Zhao, burdened by hardship, gradually fled to Hou Zhun, who then settled them in the western regions. When the Han dynasty appointed Lu Wan as King of Yan, Chaoxian and Yan shared a border along the Pianshui River. When Lu Wan rebelled and fled into the Xiongnu, a Yan man named Wei Man went into hiding, donned Hu clothing, crossed the Pianshui to the east, submitted to Hou Zhun, and persuaded him to request permission for himself to settle in the western border region. He proposed that he would recruit fugitives from China as a buffer for Chaoxian. Hou Zhun trusted and favored him, appointed him as a Bohu (Doctor), bestowed on him a gui jade token, granted him a fief of one hundred li, and ordered him to defend the western frontier. Wei Man lured in fugitives and outlaws, and as his following grew larger, he sent a deputation to Hou Zhun with false news that Han forces were approaching from ten directions. He requested permission for them to enter and serve as guards, but instead used the opportunity to attack Hou Zhun. Hou Zhun fought against Wei Man but was unable to match his strength. He fled with his attendants and concubines into the sea, taking refuge in Han territory, where he declared himself King of Han. The Wei Lue says: Those sons and relatives who remained in the country adopted the surname Han. King Hou Zhun ruled over the sea region, no longer having relations with Chaoxian. Afterward, their line became extinct; even today, some Han people still honor and perform sacrifices to them. During the Han dynasty, it was subject to Lelang Commandery, with four seasonal court audiences. The Wei Lue says: Initially, before Youqu was defeated, the Chaoxian prime minister Li Xi Qing advised against Youqu's policies but was ignored. He then fled east to Chonhan; at that time, more than two thousand households of people followed him and settled there. They also did not have relations with or make tributary visits to Chaoxian. During the reign of Wang Mang, in the Dihuang era, Lian Si Zhua was a chieftain of Chonhan. Hearing that the land of Lelang was fertile and its people prosperous and content, he planned to flee and surrender. He left his village and saw a man in the fields driving away birds; the man's speech was not that of a Han person. He asked the man, who replied: "We are Han people. My name is Hu Lai. There are one thousand five hundred of us cutting timber; we were captured by the Hans and forced to cut their hair as slaves. It has been three years now." Zhua said, "I am about to surrender to Han Lelang. Would you like to go with me?" Hu Lai replied, "Yes." Zhua then took Hu Lai and went to Hanzhi Xian. The county reported the matter to the commandery, which immediately appointed Zhua as an interpreter. They traveled from Qinzhong in a large boat into Chonhan to retrieve Hu Lai. Of those who surrendered with him, about one thousand were still alive; five hundred had already died. At the time, Zhua informed Chonhan: "You must return these five hundred people." If you do not, Lelang will send ten thousand troops by ship to attack you." Chonhan replied: "The five hundred people are already dead; I shall only pay a ransom for them." They then produced fifteen thousand Chonhan men and one hundred fifty thousand bolts of Byeonhan cloth, which Zhua collected as payment before returning. The commandery commended Zhua for his meritorious service and righteousness, bestowing on him a hat with a headpiece (guan zhe), land, and a residence. His descendants continued to receive benefits for several generations; even during the fourth year of Emperor An's Yanguang era, they still enjoyed exemptions from taxes and labor duties.
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| | 韓傳: |
桓、靈之末，韓濊彊盛，郡縣不能制，民多流入韓國。建安中，公孫康分屯有縣以南荒地為帶方郡，遣公孫模、張敞等收集遺民，興兵伐韓濊，舊民稍出，是後倭韓遂屬帶方。景初中，明帝密遣帶方太守劉昕、樂浪太守鮮于嗣越海定二郡，諸韓國臣智加賜邑君印綬，其次與邑長。其俗好衣幘，下戶詣郡朝謁，皆假衣幘，自服印綬衣幘千有餘人。部從事吳林以樂浪本統韓國，分割辰韓八國以與樂浪，吏譯轉有異同，臣智激韓忿，攻帶方郡崎離營。時太守弓遵、樂浪太守劉茂興兵伐之，遵戰死，二郡遂滅韓。 |
| | Toward the end of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling's reigns, Han and Huo became powerful and strong; the commanderies and counties could no longer control them, and many people fled into Han territory. During the Jian'an period, Gong Sun Kang divided the wasteland south of Tunyou Xian into Daifang Commandery. He dispatched Gong Sun Mo, Zhang Chang, and others to gather displaced civilians and launch military campaigns against Han and Huo. Gradually, some former residents emerged; from then on, Wa and Han came under the jurisdiction of Daifang. During the Jingchu period, Emperor Ming secretly dispatched Tai Fang's governor Liu Xin and Lelang's governor Xianyu Si to cross the sea and stabilize the two commanderies. The various Han states' Chenzhi were bestowed with seals and sashes of Yijun status; those of lower rank received titles as Yichang (village head). Their custom was to favor wearing hats with headpieces. When common households went to the commandery for court audiences, they were allowed to temporarily wear such attire; over a thousand people wore seals and sashes along with these hats and garments. Bu Congshi Wu Lin, believing that Lelang originally governed the Han states, divided eight Chonhan states and assigned them to Lelang. However, due to inconsistencies in administrative interpretations by officials and interpreters, the Chenzhi incited anger among the Hans, who attacked Qili Camp of Daifang Commandery. At that time, Tai Fang's governor Gong Zun and Lelang's governor Liu Mao raised armies to attack them. Zun was killed in battle, and the two commanderies then destroyed Han.
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| | 韓傳: |
其俗少綱紀，國邑雖有主帥，邑落雜居，不能善相制御。無跪拜之禮。居處作草屋土室，形如冢，其戶在上，舉家共在中，無長幼男女之別。其葬有棺無槨，不知乘牛馬，牛馬盡於送死。以瓔珠為財寶，或以綴衣為飾，或以縣頸垂耳，不以金銀錦繡為珍。其人性彊勇，魁頭露紒，如炅兵，衣布袍，足履革蹻蹋。其國中有所為及官家使築城郭，諸年少勇健者，皆鑿脊皮，以大繩貫之，又以丈許木鍤之，通日嚾呼作力，不以為痛，旣以勸作，且以為健。常以五月下種訖，祭鬼神，群聚歌舞，飲酒晝夜無休。其舞，數十人俱起相隨，踏地低昂，手足相應，節奏有似鐸舞。十月農功畢，亦復如之。信鬼神，國邑各立一人主祭天神，名之天君。又諸國各有別邑。名之為蘇塗。立大木，縣鈴鼓，事鬼神。諸亡逃至其中，皆不還之，好作賊。其立蘇塗之義，有似浮屠，而所行善惡有異。其北方近郡諸國差曉禮俗，其遠處直如囚徒奴婢相聚。無他珍寶。禽獸草木略與中國同。出大栗，大如梨。又出細尾雞，其尾皆長五尺餘。其男子時時有文身。又有州胡在馬韓之西海中大島上，其人差短小，言語不與韓同，皆髠頭如鮮卑，但衣韋，好養牛及豬。其衣有上無下，略如裸勢。乘船往來，巿買韓中。 |
| | Their customs lacked clear rules and discipline; although each state had a chieftain, the villages were inhabited in a mixed manner, and they could not effectively govern or control one another. They did not observe the ritual of kneeling and bowing. Their dwellings were made of thatched huts or earthen rooms, shaped like mounds. The entrance was at the top, and the entire family lived together inside without distinctions between elders and juniors or men and women. Their burial practices included coffins but no outer wooden cases; they did not know how to ride oxen or horses, which were entirely used for funeral processions. They regarded pearls and beads as treasures; some used them to adorn their clothing, while others hung them around the neck or ears. They did not consider gold, silver, brocade, or embroidery precious. Their people were strong and brave; they wore their hair in a high knot, resembling soldiers of the Jing army. They dressed in cloth robes and wore leather sandals on their feet. When there was construction or when officials ordered the building of city walls within their country, all the young and strong men would cut open the skin on their backs, thread a large rope through it, then fasten a wooden pole about one zhang long to the rope. They would shout and exert themselves throughout the day without considering the pain; this was not only an encouragement for labor but also considered a sign of strength. They often finished sowing seeds in May, then held sacrifices to gods and spirits, gathering together for group dances and songs while drinking alcohol day and night without rest. Their dance involved dozens of people rising together in sequence, stomping their feet while moving up and down, with hands and feet coordinated to the rhythm, resembling the Diao Wu (bell dance). In October, after the farming season ended, they also held similar celebrations. They believed in ghosts and gods; each state or village appointed one person to preside over sacrifices to the heavenly deities, known as Tianjun. Moreover, each country had its own separate villages. They were called Sutu. They erected large wooden posts, hung bells and drums, to worship ghosts and gods. Those who fled into these areas were not returned; the people there had a tendency toward banditry. The establishment of Sutu bore some resemblance to Buddhist stupas, but the moral conduct practiced there differed. Those states near the northern commanderies understood court etiquette and customs to some extent; however, those further away lived in conditions akin to prisoners or slaves gathering together. They had no other treasures. The birds, beasts, plants, and trees were roughly the same as in China. They produced large chestnuts, as big as pears. They also raised chickens with long tails; the tails of these chickens were all more than five chi in length. Sometimes, their men had tattoos. There were also the Zhou Hu living on a large island in the western sea of Mahan. These people were somewhat shorter and smaller, spoke a language different from that of the Hans, shaved their heads like the Xianbei, wore only animal hides, and favored raising cattle and pigs. Their clothing had upper garments but no lower ones, resembling a state of near nudity. They traveled by boat and engaged in trade within Han territory.
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