Wādī Ḥaḍramawt and the Walled City of Shibām

Abd Allah Ahmad ibn Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow ancient arcades archaeological Bayt Jarhūm beams Bōr bricks buildings built centre century A.D. city of Shibām city wall clay conservation construction corner courtyard cultural dado dams date palms decoration desert dhira Dhofar domed doors east excavated flash floods floor foundations frankincense Friday mosque ground Hadrami hawtah heritage Huraidah Ibādī incense inscriptions Islamic Kathiri Kindah lime main wādī Mashāyikh Mashghah Mashhad mihrab minaret minbar modern monuments mortar mud-brick old city seen palace People's Democratic Republic pilgrimage plaster prayer hall protection Qabr Nabi Allah Qatn ramād Rasulid Raybūn rebuilt recently reception-room repair Republic of Yemen roof rooms ruins Saiun Saiyids Şan'a Shabwah side sixteenth tenth South Arabia staircase stone storeys street Sultan surviving Taizz Tarim temple tenth fourth terraces tombs tower houses town traditional tribes tribesmen Unesco valley wādī Wadi Hadramawt Wahhabis walled city whitewashed wood wooden