Python pip3 升级错误

执行 pip3 install --upgrade pip 出现以下错误

pip3 install --upgrade pip
Requirement already satisfied: pip in ./venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (24.0)
Collecting pip
  Using cached pip-25.1.1-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (3.6 kB)
Downloading pip-25.1.1-py3-none-any.whl (1.8 MB)
   ╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 0.0/1.8 MB 169.6 kB/s eta 0:00:11
ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 438, in _error_catcher
    yield
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 561, in read
    data = self._fp_read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 527, in _fp_read
    return self._fp.read(amt) if amt is not None else self._fp.read()
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py", line 98, in read
    data: bytes = self.__fp.read(amt)
                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/python3.12/http/client.py", line 479, in read
    s = self.fp.read(amt)
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/python3.12/socket.py", line 708, in readinto
    return self._sock.recv_into(b)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/python3.12/ssl.py", line 1252, in recv_into
    return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/python3.12/ssl.py", line 1104, in read
    return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
TimeoutError: The read operation timed out

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 180, in exc_logging_wrapper
    status = run_func(*args)
             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py", line 245, in wrapper
    return func(self, options, args)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 377, in run
    requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py", line 179, in resolve
    self.factory.preparer.prepare_linked_requirements_more(reqs)
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 552, in prepare_linked_requirements_more
    self._complete_partial_requirements(
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 467, in _complete_partial_requirements
    for link, (filepath, _) in batch_download:
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/download.py", line 183, in __call__
    for chunk in chunks:
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/progress_bars.py", line 53, in _rich_progress_bar
    for chunk in iterable:
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/utils.py", line 63, in response_chunks
    for chunk in response.raw.stream(
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 622, in stream
    data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 560, in read
    with self._error_catcher():
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.4/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/python3.12/contextlib.py", line 158, in __exit__
    self.gen.throw(value)
  File "/Users/zacksleo/projects/gitee/zacks/csdn-auto-qa/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 443, in _error_catcher
    raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 24.0 -> 25.1.1
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

解决方案

网络问题导致超市，需要用镜像，或者挂代理，如

export http_proxy=http://127.0.0.1:1088;export https_proxy=http://127.0.0.1:1088;export ALL_PROXY=socks5://127.0.0.1:1089

再次执行 pip3 install -r requirements.txt , 安装成功

Collecting requests==2.31.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Using cached requests-2.31.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (4.6 kB)
Collecting pandas (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading pandas-2.2.3-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl.metadata (89 kB)
Collecting fake-useragent==1.3.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3))
  Downloading fake_useragent-1.3.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (13 kB)
Collecting markdown2==2.5.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 4))
  Downloading markdown2-2.5.3-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.1 kB)
Collecting openpyxl==3.1.5 (from -r requirements.txt (line 5))
  Downloading openpyxl-3.1.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.5 kB)
Collecting charset-normalizer<4,>=2 (from requests==2.31.0->-r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading charset_normalizer-3.4.2-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_universal2.whl.metadata (35 kB)
Collecting idna<4,>=2.5 (from requests==2.31.0->-r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading idna-3.10-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (10 kB)
Collecting urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 (from requests==2.31.0->-r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading urllib3-2.4.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (6.5 kB)
Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests==2.31.0->-r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading certifi-2025.4.26-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.5 kB)
Collecting et-xmlfile (from openpyxl==3.1.5->-r requirements.txt (line 5))
  Downloading et_xmlfile-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.7 kB)
Collecting numpy>=1.26.0 (from pandas->-r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading numpy-2.2.6-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_x86_64.whl.metadata (62 kB)
Collecting python-dateutil>=2.8.2 (from pandas->-r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading python_dateutil-2.9.0.post0-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (8.4 kB)
Collecting pytz>=2020.1 (from pandas->-r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading pytz-2025.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (22 kB)
Collecting tzdata>=2022.7 (from pandas->-r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading tzdata-2025.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (1.4 kB)
Collecting six>=1.5 (from python-dateutil>=2.8.2->pandas->-r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading six-1.17.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (1.7 kB)
Downloading requests-2.31.0-py3-none-any.whl (62 kB)
Downloading fake_useragent-1.3.0-py3-none-any.whl (15 kB)
Downloading markdown2-2.5.3-py3-none-any.whl (48 kB)
Downloading openpyxl-3.1.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (250 kB)
Downloading charset_normalizer-3.4.2-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_universal2.whl (199 kB)
Downloading idna-3.10-py3-none-any.whl (70 kB)
Downloading urllib3-2.4.0-py3-none-any.whl (128 kB)
Downloading pandas-2.2.3-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl (12.5 MB)
   ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 12.5/12.5 MB 5.2 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Downloading certifi-2025.4.26-py3-none-any.whl (159 kB)
Downloading numpy-2.2.6-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_x86_64.whl (20.9 MB)
   ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 20.9/20.9 MB 6.1 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Downloading python_dateutil-2.9.0.post0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (229 kB)
Downloading pytz-2025.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (509 kB)
Downloading six-1.17.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (11 kB)
Downloading tzdata-2025.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (347 kB)
Downloading et_xmlfile-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl (18 kB)
Installing collected packages: pytz, fake-useragent, urllib3, tzdata, six, numpy, markdown2, idna, et-xmlfile, charset-normalizer, certifi, requests, python-dateutil, openpyxl, pandas
Successfully installed certifi-2025.4.26 charset-normalizer-3.4.2 et-xmlfile-2.0.0 fake-useragent-1.3.0 idna-3.10 markdown2-2.5.3 numpy-2.2.6 openpyxl-3.1.5 pandas-2.2.3 python-dateutil-2.9.0.post0 pytz-2025.2 requests-2.31.0 six-1.17.0 tzdata-2025.2 urllib3-2.4.0