C++ Objective C Java C 详细比较和区别

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本文深入对比了多种编程语言的关键特性，包括C++、Objective-C、Java、C#等，覆盖了从基本类型到高级功能的各个方面，为程序员选择合适的语言提供了全面的参考。

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	c++ (1983)	objective c (1986)	java (1995)	c# (2001)
hello word	$ cat hello.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char**arg) { cout << "Hello, World!" << endl; } $ g++ hello.cpp $ ./a.out Hello, World!	$ cat hello.m #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { printf("Hello, World!\n"); } $ gcc hello.m $ ./a.out Hello, World!	$ cat Hello.java public class Hello { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World!"); } } $ javac Hello.java $ java Hello Hello, World!	$ cat hello.cs using System; public class Hello { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!"); } } $ mcs hello.cs $ mono hello.exe Hello, World!
version used	g++ 4.2	gcc 4.2	java 1.6	mono 2.10 (C# 4.0)
version	$ g++ —version	$ gcc —version	$ javac -version	$ mcs —version
libraries used	STL and Boost	Foundation Framework	Java API	Base Class Library
source, header, object file suffix	.cpp .hpp .o	.m .h .o	.java none .class	.cs none .exe or.dll
null	NULL	NULL	null	null
printf	cout << "count: " << 7 << endl;	printf("count: %d\n", 7);	System.out.printf("count: %d", 7);	System.Console.WriteLine("count: {0}", 7);
case and underscores in names	A_MACRO_NAME AClassName AMethodName() or a_method_name() a_variable_name	A_MACRO_NAME AClassName [obj aMsgName:arg aLabelName:arg] aVariableName	AClassName aMethodName() aVariableName	AClassName AMethodName() aVariableName
coalesce	string s1 = s2 \|\| "was null";	NSString *s1 = s2 \|\| @"was null";	String s1 = s2 == null ? "was null" : s2;	string s1 = s2 ?? "was null";
primitive types
	c++	objective c	java	c#
declare primitive type on stack	int i; int j = 3; int k(7);	int i; int j = 3;	int i; int j = 3;	int i; int j = 3;
allocate primitive type on heap	int *ip = new int;	#include <stdlib.h> int *ip = malloc(sizeof(int));	primitive types are always stack allocated. Use a wrapper class to store on the heap: Integer i = new Integer(0);	object i = 0;
free primitive type on heap	delete i;	#include <stdlib.h> free(ip);	garbage collected	garbage collected
value of uninitialized primitive types	same as C. However, C++ provides a no-argument constructor for each primitive type which zero-initializes it.	stack variables and heap variables allocated with malloc have indeterminate values. Global and static variables and heap variables allocated with calloc are zero-initialized.	zero-initialized	compiler prevents use of uninitialized variables in some circumstances, and zero-initializes in others
boolean types	bool	BOOL	boolean	bool
signed integer types	signed char 1+ byte short int 2+ bytes int 2+ bytes long int 4+ bytes long long int 4+ bytes	signed char 1+ byte short int 2+ bytes int 2+ bytes long int 4+ bytes long long int 4+ bytes	byte 1 byte short 2 bytes int 4 bytes long 8 bytes	sbyte 1 byte short 2 bytes int 4 bytes long 8 bytes
unsigned integer types	unsigned char: 8+ unsigned short int 2 bytes+ unsigned int 2 bytes+ unsigned long int 4+ bytes unsigned long long int 4+ bytes	unsigned char: 8+ unsigned short int 2 bytes+ unsigned int 2 bytes+ unsigned long int 4+ bytes unsigned long long int 4+ bytes	char 2 bytes	byte 1 byte ushort 2 bytes uint 4 bytes ulong 8 bytes
floating point and decimal types	float double long double	float double long double	float 4 bytes double 8 bytes	float 4 bytes double 8 bytes decimal 12 bytes
typedef	typedef int customer_id; customer_id cid = 3;	typedef int customer_id; customer_id cid = 3;	none	none
enum	enum day_of_week { mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun }; day_of_week d = tue;	enum day_of_week { mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun }; enum day_of_week d = tue;	public enum DayOfWeek { MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN }; DayOfWeek d = DayOfWeek.TUE;	public enum DayOfWeek { MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN }; DayOfWeek d = DayOfWeek.TUE;
arithmetic and logic
	c++	objective c	java	c#
true and false	true false	YES NO	true false	true false
falsehoods	false 0 0.0 NULL	0 0.0 NULL	false	false
logical operators	&& \|\| ! and or not	&& \|\| !	&& \|\| !	&& \|\| !
relational operators	== != < > <= >=	== != < > <= >=	== != < > <= >=	== != < > <= >=
arithmetic operators	+ - * / %	+ - * / %	+ - * / %	+ - * / %
division by zero	process sent a SIGFPE signal	process sent a SIGFPE signal	throws java.lang.ArithmeticException	throws System.DivideByZeroException
power	#include <boost/math/special_functions.hpp> boost::math::powm1<double>(2.0,3.0)+1	#include <math.h> pow(2.0,3.0);	Math.pow(2.0,3.0);	System.Math.Pow(2.0,3.0);
absolute value	#include <stdlib.h> int i = -7; abs(i); #include <math.h> float x = -7.77; fabs(x)	#include <stdlib.h> int i = -7; abs(i); #include <math.h> float x = -7.77; fabs(x)	Math.abs(-7) Math.abs(-7.77)	System.Math.Abs(-7) System.Math.Abs(-7.77)
transcendental functions	#include <math.h> sqrt exp log log2 log10 sin cos tan asin acos atan atan2	#include <math.h> sqrt exp log log2 log10 sin cos tan asin acos atan atan2	Math.sqrt Math.exp Math.log none Math.log10 Math.sin Math.cos Math.tan Math.asin Math.acos Math.atan Math.atan2	using System; Math.Sqrt Math.Exp Math.Log none Math.Log10 Math.Sin Math.Cos Math.Tan Math.Asin Math.Acos Math.Atan Math.Atan2
arithmetic truncation	#include <math.h> double d = 3.77; long trunc = (long)d; long rnd = round(d); long flr = floorl(d); long cl = ceill(d);	#include <math.h> double d = 3.77; long trunc = (long)d; long rnd = round(d); long flr = floorl(d); long cl = ceill(d);	(long)3.77 Math.round(3.77) (long)Math.floor(3.77) (long)Math.ceil(3.77)	using System; (long)3.77 Math.Round(3.77) Math.Floor(3.77) Math.Ceiling(3.77)
random integer	#include <boost/random.hpp> using namespace boost; mt19937 rng; uniform_int<> ui(0,RAND_MAX); variate_generator<mt19937&, uniform_int<> > brand(rng, ui); int i = brand()	#include <stdlib.h> int i = rand();	java.util.Random r = new java.util.Random(); int i = r.nextInt();	System.Random r = new System.Random(); int i = r.Next();
bit operators	<< >> & \| ^ ~ bitand bitor comp	<< >> & \| ^ ~	<< >> & \| ^ ~	<< >> & \| ^ ~
strings
	c++	objective c	java	c#
type	std::string	NSString	java.lang.String	string
literal	none	@"hello"	"don't say\"no\""	"hello"
newline in literal?	string literals can extend over multiple lines, but the newlines do not appear in the resulting string	string literals can extend over multiple lines, but the newlines do not appear in the resulting string	no	string literals can extend over multiple lines, but the newlines do not appear in the resulting string
escapes	\a \b \f \n \r \t \v \xhh \\ \" \' \o \oo \ooo	\a \b \f \n \r \t \v \xhh \\ \" \' \o \oo \ooo	\b \f \n \r \t \uhhhh \\ \" \' \o \oo \ooo	\a \b \f \n \r \t \v \xhh \xhhhh \\ \" \' \o \oo \ooo
allocate string	string *s = new string("hello");	NSString *s = @"hello";	String s = "hello"; String t = new String(s);	string s = "hello"; string t = string.Copy(s);
length	s->length()	[s length]	s.length()	s.Length
comparison	string s1 = new string("hello"); string s2 = new stringt("world"); cout << s1->compare(*s2) << endl;	[@"hello" compare:@"hello"]	"hello".compareTo("world")	"hello".CompareTo("world")
semantics of ==	value comparison	object identity comparison	object identity comparison	value comparison
to C string	s->c_str()	[s UTF8String]	none	none
string to number	#include <sstream> stringstream ss("7 14.3 12"); int i; double d; long l; ss >> i >> d >> l;	[@"14" integerValue] [@"14" longLongvalue] [@"14.7" floatValue] [@"14.7" doubleValue]	Byte.parseByte("14") Short.parseShort("14") Integer.parseInt("14") Long.parseLong("14") Float.parseFloat("14.7") Double.parseDouble("14.7")	byte.Parse("14") short.Parse("14") int.Parse("14") long.Parse("14") float.Parse("14") double.Parse("14") decimal.Parse("14")
number to string			Integer.toString(14) Long.toString(14) Double.toString(14.7)	14.ToString() 14.7.ToString()
split	#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp> #include <vector> string s("Bob Amy Ned"); vector<string> vec; boost::split(vec, s, boost::is_any_of(" "));	[@"Bob Ned Amy" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "]	"Bob Ned Amy".split(" ")	string[] names = "Bob Ned Amy".Split(' ');
join				System.String.Join(", ", names)
concatenate	string s1 = new string("hello"); string s2 = new string(" world"); cout << s1 + s2 << endl;	NSString s1 = @"hello"; NSString s2 = @" world"; NSString *s3 = [s1 stringByAppendingString:s2];	"hello" + " world"	"hello" + " world"
substring	string("hello").substr(2,2)	[@"hello" substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(2,2)]	"hello".substring(2,4)	"hello".Substring(2,2)
index	string("hello").find("ll")	[@"hello" rangeOfString:@"ll"].location	"hello".indexOf("ll")	"hello".IndexOf("ll")
sprintf	#include <sstream> ostringstream o(''); o << "Spain" << ": " << 7; o.str();	[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@: %d", @"Spain", 7]	String.format("%s: %d", "Spain", 7)	string.Format("{0}: {1}", "Spain", 7)
uppercase	#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp> string s("hello"); boost::to_upper(s);	[@"hello" uppercaseString]	"hello".toUpperCase()	"hello".ToUpper()
lowercase	#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp> string s("HELLO"); boost::to_upper(s);	[@"HELLO" lowercaseString]	"HELLO".toLowerCase()	"HELLO".ToLower()
trim	#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp> string s(" hello "); boost::trim(s);	[@" hello " stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet: [NSCharacterSet whitespaceCharacterSet]]	" hello ".trim()	" hello ".Trim()
pad on right		[@"hello" stringByPaddingToLength:10 withString:@" " startingAtIndex:0]
regular expressions
	c++	objective c	java	c#
regex match	#include <boost/xpressive/xpressive.hpp> using namespace boost::xpressive; sregex re = sregex::compile(".ll."); smatch matches; string s("hello"); bool is_match = regex_match(s, matches, re);	NSPredicate pred = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"SELF MATCHES %@", @".ll.*"]; BOOL is_match = [pred evaluateWithObject:@"hello"];	boolean isMatch = "hello".matches(".ll.");	using System.Text.RegularExpressions; Regex regex = new Regex("ll"); bool isMatch = regex.IsMatch("hello");
regex substitute	#include <boost/xpressive/xpressive.hpp> using namespace boost::xpressive; string s("hello"); sregex re1 = as_xpr("ll"); string format1("LL"); string result1 = regex_replace(s, re1, format1, regex_constants::format_first_only); sregex re2 = as_xpr("l"); string format2("L"); string result2 = regex_replace(s, re2, format2);		String s1 = "hello".replace("ll","LL"); String s2 = "hello".replaceAll("l","L");	using System.Text.RegularExpressions; Regex r1 = new Regex("ll"); String s1 = r1.Replace("hello", "LL", 1); Regex r2 = new Regex("l"); String s2 = r2.Replace("hello", "L");
dates and time
	c++	objective c	java	c#
date/time type			java.util.Date	System.DateTime
current date/time			long millis = System.currentTimeMillis(); Date dt = new Date(millis);	DateTime dt = DateTime.Now();
to unix epoch, from unix epoch			long epoch = dt.getTimeInMillis()/1000; Date dt2 = new Date(epoch * 1000);	long hundredM = 10010001000; long sec = dt.ToFileTimeUtc() / hundredM; long epoch = sec - 1164444480; long ft = (epoch + 1164444480) * hundredM; Date dt2 = DateTime.FromFiltTimeUtc(ft);
strftime			String s = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"; DateFormat fmt = new SimpleDateFormat(s); String s2 = fmt.format(dt);	String s = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"); String s2 = dt.ToString(s);
strptime			String s = "2011-05-03 17:00:00"; Date dt2 = fmt.parse(s);	CultureInfo enUS = new CultureInfo("en-US"); DateTime dt2 = DateTime.ParseExact( "2011-05-03 17:00:00", "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss", enUS);
arrays
	c++	objective c	java	c#
allocate array on stack	int a[10];	int a[10];	arrays must be allocated on heap	arrays must be allocated on heap
allocate array on heap	int *a = new int[10];	#include <stdlib.h> int *a = calloc(10, sizeof(int));	int[] a = new int[10];	int[] a = new int[10];
free array on heap	delete[] a;	#include <stdlib.h> free(a);	garbage collected	garbage collected
array literal	int a[] = {1,2,3};	NSArray *a = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"hello", @"goodbye", nil];	int[] a = {1,2,3};	int[] a = {1,2,3};
array access	a[0]	[a objectAtIndex:0]	a[0]	a[0]
length	none	[a count]	a.length	a.Length
array out-of-bounds result	undefined, possible SIGSEGV	raises NSRangeException exception	ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException	IndexOutOfRangeException
array iteration	int a[10]; for (i=0; i<10; i++ ) { do something with a[i] }	NSEnumerator i = [a objectEnumerator]; id o; while (o = [i nextObject]) { do something with o* }	for (String name : names) {	foreach (string name in names) {
struct definition	class MedalCount { public: const char *country; int gold; int silver; int bronze; };	struct medal_count { const char* country; int gold; int silver; int bronze; };	public class MedalCount { public String country; public int gold; public int silver; public int bronze; }	public class MedalCount { public string country; public int gold; public int silver; public int bronze; }
struct declaration	MedalCount spain;	struct medal_count spain;	MedalCount spain = new MedalCount();	MedalCount spain = new MedalCount();
struct initialization	MedalCount spain = { "Spain", 3, 7, 4 };	struct medal_count spain = { "Spain", 3, 7, 4}; struct medal_count france = { .gold = 8, .silver = 7, .bronze = 9, .country = "France" };	no object literal syntax; define a constructor	no object literal syntax; define a constructor
struct member assignment	spain.country = "Spain"; spain.gold = 3; spain.silver = 7; spain.bronze = 4;	spain.country = "Spain"; spain.gold = 3; spain.silver = 7; spain.bronze = 4;	spain.country = "Spain"; spain.gold = 3; spain.silver = 7; spain.bronze = 4;	spain.country = "Spain"; spain.gold = 3; spain.silver = 7; spain.bronze = 4;
struct member access	int spain_total = spain.gold + spain.silver + spain.bronze;	int spain_total = spain.gold + spain.silver + spain.bronze;	int spain_total = spain.gold + spain.silver + spain.bronze;	int spain_total = spain.gold + spain.silver + spain.bronze;
vector declaration	#include <vector> vector <int> vec;	NSMutableArray *a = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:10];	java.util.Vector<String> vec = new java.util.Vector<String>();	using System.Collections.Generic; List<string> l = new List<string>();
vector push	vec.push_back(7);	[a addObject:@"hello"];	vec.add("hello"); or vec.add(vec.size(), "hello")	l.Add("hello");
vector pop	vec.pop_back();	[a removeLastObject];	vec.removeElementAt(vec.size()-1);	l.RemoveAt(l.Count - 1);
vector size	vec.size()	[a count]	vec.size()	l.Count
vector access	vec[0] vec.at(0)	[a objectAtIndex:0]	vec.elementAt(0)	l[0]
vector out of bounds result	vec[] has undefined behavior vec.at() raises out_of_range	raises NSRangeException	throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException	throws System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException
vector iteration	int sum = 0; vector<int>::iterator vi; for (vi = vec.begin(); vi != vec.end(); vi++ ) { sum += *vi; }	NSEnumerator i = [a objectEnumerator]; id o; while (o = [i nextObject]) { do something with o* }	for ( String s : vec ) { do something with s }	foreach ( string s in l ) { do something with s }
dictionaries
	c++	objective c	java	c#
pair	pair<int, float> p(7, 3.14); cout << p.first << ", " << p.second << endl;			using System.Collections.Generic; KeyValuePair<string,int> pr = new KeyValuePair<string,int>("hello",5); System.Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", pr.Key, pr.Value);
map declaration	#include <map> map<string, int> m;	NSMutableDictionary *dict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithCapacity:10];	java.util.TreeMap<String, Integer> m = new java.util.TreeMap<String, Integer>();	using System.Collections.Generic; Dictionary<string, int> dict = new Dictionary<string, int>();
map access	m["hello"] = 5; cout << m["hello"]) << endl;	[dict setObject:@"5" forKey:@"hello"]; [dict objectForKey:@"hello"]	m.put("hello", 5); m.get("hello")	dict.Add("hello", 5); dict["hello"]
map size	m.size()	[dict count]	m.size()	dict.Count
map remove element	m.erase(m.find("hello"));	[dict removeObjectForKey:@"hello"];	m.remove("hello");	dict.Remove("hello");
map element not found result	NULL	NULL	null	throws KeyNotFoundException in System.Collections.Generic
map iterate	map<string,int>::iterator mi; for (mi = m.begin(); mi != m.end(); mi++) { printf("%s %d", mi->first, mi->second) }	NSEnumerator i = [dict keyEnumerator]; id key; while ((key = [i nextObject])) { do something with key* }	for ( java.util.Map.Entry<String, Integer> e : m.entrySet() ) { use e.getKey() or e.getValue() }	foreach ( KeyValuePair<string,int> e in dict) { use e.Key and e.Value }
functions
	c++	objective c	java	c#
pass by value	void use_integer(int i) { function body } int i = 7; use_integer(i);	void use_integer(int i) { function body } int i = 7; use_integer(i);	primitive types are always passed by value	primitive types are always passed by value
pass by address	void use_iptr(int i) { function body* } int i = 7; use_iptr(&i);	void use_iptr(int i) { function body* } int i = 7; use_iptr(&i);	none	none
pass by reference	void use_iref(int& i) { printf("using iref: %d", i); } int i = 7; use_iref(i);	none	objects and arrays are always passed by reference	objects and arrays are always passed by reference
default argument value	float log(float exp, float base=10.0) {	none	use method overloading	use method overloading
named parameters	none	+(float)weight: (float) w height: (float) h { return (w * 703) / (h * h); } +(float)height: (float) h weight: (float) w { return [BMI weight: w height: h]; } [BMI weight:155 height:70]; [BMI height:70 weight:155];	none	added in C# 4.0: static int BMI(int weight, int height) { return (weight * 703) / (height * height); } BMI(weight: 123, height: 64); BMI(height: 64, weight: 123);
function overloading	yes	method overloading only	yes	yes
variable number of arguments