Linux 文件系统的配置文件：/etc/fstab

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本文深入解析Linux文件系统配置的关键文件fstab，详细解释了其各项栏目的指派说明，并通过实例展示了如何正确配置fstab以实现设备文件系统与目录结构的对应。了解fstab对于系统管理员来说至关重要，它不仅关乎系统稳定运行，还能有效管理磁盘分区和设备挂载。

Linux 文件系统的配置文件：/etc/fstab

文件名：/etc/fstab
使用权限 : 超级用户
使用方式 : 使用编辑器来修改 /etc/fstab (eg. vi /etc/fstab)

说明：存放设备文件系统与目录结构对应资料的档案

/etc/fstab文件格式的各个栏的指派说明：

第一栏(fs_spec)：实际的 device 名称
第二栏(fs_file)：对应到的目录结构(mount point)
第三栏(fs_vfstype)：该 partition 的档案系统，常见的有：
minix、ext、ext2、msdos、iso9660、nfs、swap
第四栏(fs_mntops)：在 mount 时的参数
第五栏(fs_freq)：在使用 dump 时是否记录，不需要则输入0
第六栏(fs_passno)：决定在开机时执行 fsck 的先后顺序
例子 :
IDE 硬盘分成两个 partition 与一个 swap，还有一台光碟机跟一台软碟机的情形 :
/dev/hda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda5 /home ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,user,ro 0 0
/dev/hda6 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 noauto,owner 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0

none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0

关于 fstab的Linux Manual：

[root@embedded ~]# man  fstab | cat
FSTAB(5)                   Linux Programmer’s Manual                  FSTAB(5)



NAME
       fstab - static information about the filesystems

SYNOPSIS
       #include <fstab.h>

DESCRIPTION
       The  file fstab contains descriptive information about the various file
       systems.  fstab is only read by programs, and not written;  It  is  the
       duty  of  the system administrator to properly create and maintain this
       file.  Each filesystem is described on a separate line; fields on  each
       line are separated by tabs or spaces.  Lines starting with ’#’ are com-
       ments.  The order of records in fstab  is  important  because  fsck(8),
       mount(8),  and umount(8) sequentially iterate through fstab doing their
       thing.

       The first field, (fs_spec),  describes  the  block  special  device  or
       remote filesystem to be mounted.

       For  ordinary  mounts  it  will hold (a link to) a block special device
       node (as created by mknod(8))  for  the  device  to  be  mounted,  like
       ‘/dev/cdrom’   or   ‘/dev/sdb7’.    For   NFS   mounts  one  will  have
       <host>:<dir>, e.g., ‘knuth.aeb.nl:/’.  For procfs, use ‘proc’.

       Instead of giving the device explicitly, one may indicate the (ext2  or
       xfs)  filesystem that is to be mounted by its UUID or volume label (cf.
       e2label(8) or  xfs_admin(8)),  writing  LABEL=<label>  or  UUID=<uuid>,
       e.g.,   ‘LABEL=Boot’   or  ‘UUID=3e6be9de-8139-11d1-9106-a43f08d823a6’.
       This will make the system more robust: adding or removing a  SCSI  disk
       changes the disk device name but not the filesystem volume label.

       The second field, (fs_file), describes the mount point for the filesys-
       tem.  For swap partitions, this field should be specified as ‘none’. If
       the  name  of  the  mount point contains spaces these can be escaped as
       ‘\040’.

       The third field, (fs_vfstype), describes the type  of  the  filesystem.
       Linux  supports  lots  of filesystem types, such as adfs, affs, autofs,
       coda, coherent, cramfs, devpts, efs, ext2, ext3,  hfs,  hpfs,  iso9660,
       jfs,  minix,  msdos,  ncpfs,  nfs,  ntfs,  proc, qnx4, reiserfs, romfs,
       smbfs, sysv, tmpfs, udf, ufs, umsdos, vfat, xenix,  xfs,  and  possibly
       others.  For more details, see mount(8).  For the filesystems currently
       supported by the running kernel, see /proc/filesystems.  An entry  swap
       denotes a file or partition to be used for swapping, cf. swapon(8).  An
       entry ignore causes the line to be ignored.  This  is  useful  to  show
       disk partitions which are currently unused.

       The  fourth  field, (fs_mntops), describes the mount options associated
       with the filesystem.

       It is formatted as a comma separated list of options.  It  contains  at
       least  the type of mount plus any additional options appropriate to the
       filesystem type.  For documentation on the available options  for  non-
       nfs  file systems, see mount(8).  For documentation on all nfs-specific
       options have a look at nfs(5).  Common for all types of file system are
       the options ‘‘noauto’’ (do not mount when "mount -a" is given, e.g., at
       boot time), ‘‘user’’ (allow a user to mount), ‘‘owner’’  (allow  device
       owner to mount), ‘‘pamconsole’’ (allow a user at the console to mount),
       and ‘‘comment’’ (e.g., for use  by  fstab-maintaining  programs).   The
       ‘‘owner’’,  ‘‘pamconsole’’  and ‘‘comment’’ options are Linux-specific.
       For more details, see mount(8).

       The fifth field, (fs_freq),  is  used  for  these  filesystems  by  the
       dump(8)  command  to determine which filesystems need to be dumped.  If
       the fifth field is not present, a value of zero is  returned  and  dump
       will assume that the filesystem does not need to be dumped.

       The  sixth field, (fs_passno), is used by the fsck(8) program to deter-
       mine the order in which filesystem checks are done at reboot time.  The
       root  filesystem  should  be specified with a fs_passno of 1, and other
       filesystems should have a fs_passno of 2.  Filesystems within  a  drive
       will  be checked sequentially, but filesystems on different drives will
       be checked at the same time to utilize  parallelism  available  in  the
       hardware.   If  the sixth field is not present or zero, a value of zero
       is returned and fsck will assume that the filesystem does not  need  to
       be checked.

       The proper way to read records from fstab is to use the routines getmn-
       tent(3).

FILES
       /etc/fstab

SEE ALSO
       getmntent(3), mount(8), swapon(8), fs(5), nfs(5)

HISTORY
       The ancestor of this fstab file format appeared in 4.0BSD.



Linux 2.2                        15 June 1999                         FSTAB(5)