《Android框架揭秘》这本书是基于Android2.2源码的，但是手头上只有Android4.4的源码。这两个版本的启动过程基本一致，但是在具体的编码上，还是有一些区别的，下面，对照着这本书，分析一下4.4的init进程。
分析从main开始
首先给出main函数的完整源代码。
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd_count = 0;
struct pollfd ufds[4];
char *tmpdev;
char* debuggable;
char tmp[32];
int property_set_fd_init = 0;
int signal_fd_init = 0;
int keychord_fd_init = 0;
bool is_charger = false;
if (!strcmp(basename(argv[0]), "ueventd"))
return ueventd_main(argc, argv);
if (!strcmp(basename(argv[0]), "watchdogd"))
return watchdogd_main(argc, argv);
/* clear the umask */
umask(0);
/* Get the basic filesystem setup we need put
* together in the initramdisk on / and then we'll
* let the rc file figure out the rest.
*/
mkdir("/dev", 0755);
mkdir("/proc", 0755);
mkdir("/sys", 0755);
mount("tmpfs", "/dev", "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID, "mode=0755");
mkdir("/dev/pts", 0755);
mkdir("/dev/socket", 0755);
mount("devpts", "/dev/pts", "devpts", 0, NULL);
mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", 0, NULL);
mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", 0, NULL);
/* indicate that booting is in progress to background fw loaders, etc */
close(open("/dev/.booting", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0000));
/* We must have some place other than / to create the
* device nodes for kmsg and null, otherwise we won't
* be able to remount / read-only later on.
* Now that tmpfs is mounted on /dev, we can actually
* talk to the outside world.
*/
open_devnull_stdio();
klog_init();
property_init();
get_hardware_name(hardware, &revision);
process_kernel_cmdline();
union selinux_callback cb;
cb.func_log = klog_write;
selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
cb.func_audit = audit_callback;
selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_AUDIT, cb);
selinux_initialize();
/* These directories were necessarily created before initial policy load
* and therefore need their security context restored to the proper value.
* This must happen before /dev is populated by ueventd.
*/
restorecon("/dev");
restorecon("/dev/socket");
restorecon("/dev/__properties__");
restorecon_recursive("/sys");
is_charger = !strcmp(bootmode, "charger");
INFO("property init\n");
if (!is_charger)
property_load_boot_defaults();
INFO("reading config file\n");
init_parse_config_file("/init.rc");
action_for_each_trigger("early-init", action_add_queue_tail);
queue_builtin_action(wait_for_coldboot_done_action, "wait_for_coldboot_done");
queue_builtin_action(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
queue_builtin_action(keychord_init_action, "keychord_init");
queue_builtin_action(console_init_action, "console_init");
/* execute all the boot actions to get us started */
action_for_each_trigger("init", action_add_queue_tail);
/* skip mounting filesystems in charger mode */
if (!is_charger) {
action_for_each_trigger("early-fs", action_add_queue_tail);
action_for_each_trigger("fs", action_add_queue_tail);
action_for_each_trigger("post-fs", action_add_queue_tail);
action_for_each_trigger("post-fs-data", action_add_queue_tail);
}
/* Repeat mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng in case /dev/hw_random or /dev/random
* wasn't ready immediately after wait_for_coldboot_done
*/
queue_builtin_action(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
queue_builtin_action(property_service_init_action, "property_service_init");
queue_builtin_action(signal_init_action, "signal_init");
queue_builtin_action(check_startup_action, "check_startup");
if (is_charger) {
action_for_each_trigger("charger", action_add_queue_tail);
} else {
action_for_each_trigger("early-boot", action_add_queue_tail);
action_for_each_trigger("boot", action_add_queue_tail);
}
/* run all property triggers based on current state of the properties */
queue_builtin_action(queue_property_triggers_action, "queue_property_triggers");
#if BOOTCHART
queue_builtin_action(bootchart_init_action, "bootchart_init");
#endif
for(;;) {
int nr, i, timeout = -1;
execute_one_command();
restart_processes();
if (!property_set_fd_init && get_property_set_fd() > 0) {
ufds[fd_count].fd = get_property_set_fd();
ufds[fd_count].events = POLLIN;
ufds[fd_count].revents = 0;
fd_count++;
property_set_fd_init = 1;
}
if (!signal_fd_init && get_signal_fd() > 0) {
ufds[fd_count].fd = get_signal_fd();
ufds[fd_count].events = POLLIN;
ufds[fd_count].revents = 0;
fd_count++;
signal_fd_init = 1;
}
if (!keychord_fd_init && get_keychord_fd() > 0) {
ufds[fd_count].fd = get_keychord_fd();
ufds[fd_count].events = POLLIN;
ufds[fd_count].revents = 0;
fd_count++;
keychord_fd_init = 1;
}
if (process_needs_restart) {
timeout = (process_needs_restart - gettime()) * 1000;
if (timeout < 0)
timeout = 0;
}
if (!action_queue_empty() || cur_action)
timeout = 0;
#if BOOTCHART
if (bootchart_count > 0) {
if (timeout < 0 || timeout > BOOTCHART_POLLING_MS)
timeout = BOOTCHART_POLLING_MS;
if (bootchart_step() < 0 || --bootchart_count == 0) {
bootchart_finish();
bootchart_count = 0;
}
}
#endif
nr = poll(ufds, fd_count, timeout);
if (nr <= 0)
continue;
for (i = 0; i < fd_count; i++) {
if (ufds[i].revents == POLLIN) {
if (ufds[i].fd == get_property_set_fd())
handle_property_set_fd();
else if (ufds[i].fd == get_keychord_fd())
handle_keychord();
else if (ufds[i].fd == get_signal_fd())
handle_signal();
}
}
}
return 0;
}Part 1
// ==================================================
// Part 1
/* Get the basic filesystem setup we need put
* together in the initramdisk on / and then we'll
* let the rc file figure out the rest.
*/
mkdir("/dev", 0755);
mkdir("/proc", 0755);
mkdir("/sys", 0755);
mount("tmpfs", "/dev", "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID, "mode=0755");
mkdir("/dev/pts", 0755);
mkdir("/dev/socket", 0755);
mount("devpts", "/dev/pts", "devpts", 0, NULL);
mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", 0, NULL);
mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", 0, NULL);
// ==================================================这部分代码的目的在注释里很清楚：在内存中创建基本的文件系统，以提供给init进程使用。其余的文件系统将在.rc文件里创建。
这里引用一下《Android框架揭秘》对tmpfs、devpts、proc、sysfs这四种文件系统的解释：
- tmpfs是一种虚拟内存的文件系统，典型的tmpfs文件系统完全驻留在RAM中，读写速度远快于山村或硬盘文件系统。/dev目录保存着硬件设备访问所需要的设备驱动程序。在Android中，将相关记录用作tmpfs，可以大幅提升设备访问的速度。
- devpts是一种虚拟终端文件系统。
- proc是一种虚拟文件系统，只存在于内存中，而不占用外存空间。借助此文件系统，应用程序可以与内核内部数据结构进行交互。
- sysfs是一种特殊的文件系统，在Linux Kernel2.6中引入，用于将系统中的设备组织成层次结构，并向用户模式程序提供详细的内核数据结构信息，将proc、devfs、depts三种文件系统统一起来。
Part 2
// ==================================================
// Part 2
/* We must have some place other than / to create the
* device nodes for kmsg and null, otherwise we won't
* be able to remount / read-only later on.
* Now that tmpfs is mounted on /dev, we can actually
* talk to the outside world.
*/
open_devnull_stdio();
klog_init();
// ==================================================先来看一下open_devnull_stdio()：
void open_devnull_stdio(void)
{
int fd;
static const char *name = "/dev/__null__";
if (mknod(name, S_IFCHR | 0600, (1 << 8) | 3) == 0) {
fd = open(name, O_RDWR);
unlink(name);
if (fd >= 0) {
dup2(fd, 0);
dup2(fd, 1);
dup2(fd, 2);
if (fd > 2) {
close(fd);
}
return;
}
}
exit(1);
}该函数在/dev目录下生成“null”设备节点，并将标准输入、标准输出、标准错误输出全部定向到该设备节点中。
在Unix系统中，所有的输入、输出都被处理为文件，标准输入为0，标准输出为1，标准错误输出为2。
由于函数将与标准输入输出相关的文件全部重定向，因此init进程通过标准的输入输出无法输出信息。所以就有了klog_init()函数。
void klog_init(void)
{
static const char *name = "/dev/__kmsg__";
if (klog_fd >= 0) return; /* Already initialized */
if (mknod(name, S_IFCHR | 0600, (1 << 8) | 11) == 0) {
klog_fd = open(name, O_WRONLY);
if (klog_fd < 0)
return;
fcntl(klog_fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
unlink(name);
}
}通过调用这个函数，生成“/dev/kmsg”设备节点文件。通过该节点，调用内核信息输出函数printk，init进程就可以输出log了。
至于为什么要做重定向，在注释里说的很清楚，是为了后面remount根目录。
Part 3
// ==================================================
// Part 3
property_init();
get_hardware_name(hardware, &revision);
process_kernel_cmdline();
// ==================================================property_init()函数的作用是初始化property系统。它的调用顺序如下：
void property_init(void)
{
init_property_area();
}
static int init_property_area(void)
{
if (property_area_inited)
return -1;
if(__system_property_area_init())
return -1;
if(init_workspace(&pa_workspace, 0))
return -1;
fcntl(pa_workspace.fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
property_area_inited = 1;
return 0;
}
static int init_workspace(workspace *w, size_t size)
{
void *data;
int fd = open(PROP_FILENAME, O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW);
if (fd < 0)
return -1;
w->size = size;
w->fd = fd;
return 0;
}
define PROP_FILENAME "/dev/__properties__"一路看下来，其实就是打开一个设备节点，并做一些初始化。
void get_hardware_name(char *hardware, unsigned int *revision)
{
char data[1024];
int fd, n;
char *x, *hw, *rev;
/* Hardware string was provided on kernel command line */
if (hardware[0])
return;
fd = open("/proc/cpuinfo", O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0) return;
n = read(fd, data, 1023);
close(fd);
if (n < 0) return;
data[n] = 0;
hw = strstr(data, "\nHardware");
rev = strstr(data, "\nRevision");
if (hw) {
x = strstr(hw, ": ");
if (x) {
x += 2;
n = 0;
while (*x && *x != '\n') {
if (!isspace(*x))
hardware[n++] = tolower(*x);
x++;
if (n == 31) break;
}
hardware[n] = 0;
}
}
if (rev) {
x = strstr(rev, ": ");
if (x) {
*revision = strtoul(x + 2, 0, 16);
}
}
}
这个函数的作用就是从/proc/cpuinfo节点中读取系统的硬件信息。
static void process_kernel_cmdline(void)
{
/* don't expose the raw commandline to nonpriv processes */
chmod("/proc/cmdline", 0440);
/* first pass does the common stuff, and finds if we are in qemu.
* second pass is only necessary for qemu to export all kernel params
* as props.
*/
import_kernel_cmdline(0, import_kernel_nv);
if (qemu[0])
import_kernel_cmdline(1, import_kernel_nv);
/* now propogate the info given on command line to internal variables
* used by init as well as the current required properties
*/
export_kernel_boot_props();
}
static void export_kernel_boot_props(void)
{
char tmp[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
int ret;
unsigned i;
struct {
const char *src_prop;
const char *dest_prop;
const char *def_val;
} prop_map[] = {
{ "ro.boot.serialno", "ro.serialno", "", },
{ "ro.boot.mode", "ro.bootmode", "unknown", },
{ "ro.boot.baseband", "ro.baseband", "unknown", },
{ "ro.boot.bootloader", "ro.bootloader", "unknown", },
};
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(prop_map); i++) {
ret = property_get(prop_map[i].src_prop, tmp);
if (ret > 0)
property_set(prop_map[i].dest_prop, tmp);
else
property_set(prop_map[i].dest_prop, prop_map[i].def_val);
}
ret = property_get("ro.boot.console", tmp);
if (ret)
strlcpy(console, tmp, sizeof(console));
/* save a copy for init's usage during boot */
property_get("ro.bootmode", tmp);
strlcpy(bootmode, tmp, sizeof(bootmode));
/* if this was given on kernel command line, override what we read
* before (e.g. from /proc/cpuinfo), if anything */
ret = property_get("ro.boot.hardware", tmp);
if (ret)
strlcpy(hardware, tmp, sizeof(hardware));
property_set("ro.hardware", hardware);
snprintf(tmp, PROP_VALUE_MAX, "%d", revision);
property_set("ro.revision", tmp);
/* TODO: these are obsolete. We should delete them */
if (!strcmp(bootmode,"factory"))
property_set("ro.factorytest", "1");
else if (!strcmp(bootmode,"factory2"))
property_set("ro.factorytest", "2");
else
property_set("ro.factorytest", "0");
}这个函数的作用就是从kernel读取一些环境变量并写到属性系统中。
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