线程池(Thread Pool)是一种基于池化思想管理线程的工具。可以想象成把一些线程放到一个“池子”中,统一管理。
Java封装了一些线程池给开发者使用
1、Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() 创建只有一个线程的线程池
2、Executors.newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) 创建具有指定数量线程数的线程池
3、Executors.newCachedThreadPool() 创建一个线程池,线程池中的线程空闲时间超过60秒就销毁线程
4、Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2) 创建有定时功能的线程池
使用Executors.newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) 简单演示线程池的使用。
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
// 创建线程池
ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
es.execute(() -> {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" 线程运行");
});
}
// 关闭线程池
es.shutdown();
}
Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() 、Executors.newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) 、Executors.newCachedThreadPool()、Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(int nThreads)都是使用ThreadPoolExecutor创建线程池。本文重点讲解ThreadPoolExecutor。ThreadPoolExecutor有4个构造函数,我们用参数最多的构造函数讲解。
ThreadPoolExecutor构造函数
ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
corePoolSize
保留在池中的线程数,即使线程处于空闲状态,也会在池中保留corePoolSize个线程。
maximumPoolSize
池中允许的最大线程数。
对于CPU密集型应用,最大线程数应等于CPU核心数。
对于I/O密集型应用,绝大部分的web后端服务属于I/O密集型应用,最大线程数有两个计算公式。
1、最大线程数 = CPU期望利用率 * CPU核心数 * (1 + 线程平均等待时间 / 线程平均工作时间)
2、最大线程数 = CPU期望利用率 * CPU核心数 / (1-阻塞系数)。由于 阻塞系数 = 阻塞时间 /(阻塞时间+计算时间),1和2其实是同一个公式,只是写法不同。
使用Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); 可得到ava虚拟机可用的CPU核心数量。至于线程平均等待时间、线程平均工作时间,每个应用不同,无法给出具体值。
/**
* I/O密集型应用,最大线程数量
*/
private static int ioMaximumPoolSize() {
// CPU期望利用率设置为100%,尽量利用CPU
int cpuUsePercent = 1;
// Java虚拟机可用的CPU核心数量
int jvmAvailableProcessors = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
// 假设线程平均等待时间和线程平均工作时间的比值是8
int blockTime = 8;
int runTime = 1;
int ioMaxCore = cpuUsePercent * jvmAvailableProcessors * (1 + blockTime/runTime);
return ioMaxCore;
}
keepAliveTime
池中线程数超过了corePoolSize,这些超出的线程在keepAliveTime时间内不被使用,则这些线程会被销毁。
unit
keepAliveTime的时间单位。
workQueue
阻塞队列BlockingQueue<Runnable>,由于是队列,所以具备先进先出的特性(FIFO)。当队列满了,往队列加元素会阻塞;队列为空,从队列取元素会造成阻塞。此接口的常用的实现类有两个LinkedBlockingQueue和ArrayBlockingQueue。
ArrayBlockingQueue和LinkedBlockingQueue主要有以下区别:
1、ArrayBlockingQueue基于数组实现,是有界队列,即创建ArrayBlockingQueue必须指定队列容量。LinkedBlockingQueue基于链表实现,创建LinkedBlockingQueue时可以指定队列容量也可以不指定队列容量,不指定队列容量时,队列容量是Integer.MAX_VALUE。
2、ArrayBlockingQueue使用一个锁控制入队出队。LinkedBlockingQueue使用两个锁控制入队出队,一个putLock,一个takeLock。
3、根据官方描述链表队列通常比基于数组的队列具有更高的吞吐量,但在大多数并发应用程序中,性能的可预测性较差。
threadFactory
创建线程的工厂。不指定线程工厂时,默认使用Executors.defaultThreadFactory()创建线程工厂。
handler
当任务超过maximumPoolSize + workQueue之和,任务提交给handler处理,Java提供了4种handler。
ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy:丢弃任务并抛出RejectedExecutionException异常。默认策略。
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy:也是丢弃任务,但是不抛出异常。
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy:丢弃队列最前面的任务,然后重新尝试执行任务(重复此过程)。
ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy:由调用线程处理该任务。
下面是一个线程池工具类
/**
* 线程池工具
*/
public final class ThreadUtil {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ThreadUtil.class);
private static ThreadPoolExecutor executor = null;
private ThreadUtil() {}
static{
initExecutor();
}
/**
* 初始化
*/
private static void initExecutor(){
// 核心线程数
int corePoolSize = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
corePoolSize = corePoolSize < 2 ? 2 : corePoolSize;
// 最大线程数
int maximumPoolSize = ioMaximumPoolSize();
maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize;
LOGGER.info("初始化线程池 corePoolSize:{} , maximumPoolSize:{}" , corePoolSize , maximumPoolSize);
ThreadFactory defaultThreadFactory = Executors.defaultThreadFactory();
executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize , maximumPoolSize ,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(10000),
defaultThreadFactory,
new CustomAbortPolicy());
}
/**
* I/O密集型应用,最大线程数量
*/
private static int ioMaximumPoolSize() {
// CPU期望利用率设置为100%,尽量利用CPU
int cpuUsePercent = 1;
// Java虚拟机可用的CPU核心数量
int jvmAvailableProcessors = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
// 假设线程平均等待时间和线程平均工作时间的比值是8
int blockTime = 8;
int runTime = 1;
int ioMaxCore = cpuUsePercent * jvmAvailableProcessors * (1 + blockTime/runTime);
return ioMaxCore;
}
/**
* 自定义线程池饱和策略,模仿AbortPolicy(终止线程策略)
*
* A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
* {@code RejectedExecutionException}.
*/
public static class CustomAbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates an {@code AbortPolicy}.
*/
public CustomAbortPolicy() { }
/**
* Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException always
*/
@Override
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
// 模仿ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy的写法,仅是修改了这行代码,并加了个注释
String msg = String.format("线程池任务满了,抛出异常。\nTask: %s 。\nRejected from: %s",r.toString(), e.toString());
LOGGER.error(msg);
// 发送邮件或者发送钉钉消息
throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
" rejected from " +
e.toString());
}
}
/**
* 在公共线程池中执行任务
*
* @param runnable 可运行对象
*/
public static void execute(Runnable runnable) {
executor.execute(runnable);
}
}
线程池添加线程的规则

为了更好的讲解线程池新建线程的规则,暂时把corePoolSize、maximumPoolSize、keepAliveTime、LinkedBlockingQueue的容量改小。
executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(2 , 4 ,
10L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(3),
defaultThreadFactory,
new CustomAbortPolicy());
1、线程池创建成功,但没运行任务,线程池中线程数为0。
在ThreadUtil类中添加main函数测试
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
System.out.println("线程池创建成功,但没运行任务:"+executor);
}
打印结果:
线程池创建成功,但没运行任务:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@3fa77460[Running, pool size = 0, active threads = 0, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
2、线程池运行任务,新建线程,活跃线程数大于核心线程数时,将任务添加到队列中。
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
// 睡眠,让任务一个接一个地提交
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10);
execute(() -> {
try {
// 睡眠,避免任务过早结束
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200);
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
System.out.println("线程池信息:"+executor);
}
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(12);
System.out.println("任务运行完毕后:"+executor);
}
打印结果:
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 1, active threads = 1, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 1, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 2, completed tasks = 0]
任务运行完毕后:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 0, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 4]
3、线程池正在运行的任务大于核心线程数与队列容量之和,继续创建线程,直到线程数达到最大线程数。达到最大线程数后,线程空闲时间超过keepAliveTime,超出的线程终止,最后保留corePoolSize个活跃线程。
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
// 睡眠,让任务一个接一个地提交
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10);
execute(() -> {
try {
// 睡眠,避免任务过早结束
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200);
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
System.out.println("线程池信息:"+executor);
}
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
System.out.println("任务运行完毕后:"+executor);
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(12);
System.out.println("超过线程空闲时间没提交新任务:"+executor);
}
打印结果:
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 1, active threads = 1, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 1, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 2, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 3, active threads = 3, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 4, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
任务运行完毕后:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 0, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 7]
超过线程空闲时间没提交新任务:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 0, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 7]
4、线程池正在运行的任务数大于最大线程数+队列容量之和,超出的任务由线程池饱和策略处理。线程池的线程抛出异常后,仅仅是线程被终止了,但线程池中的其他线程还能继续使用。
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
// 睡眠,让任务一个接一个地提交
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10);
try {
execute(() -> {
try {
// 睡眠,避免任务过早结束
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200);
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
}catch (Exception e){
// 捕获线程池抛出的异常,以便本线程能继续执行后面的代码
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("线程池信息:"+executor);
}
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
System.out.println("任务运行完毕后:"+executor);
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(12);
System.out.println("超过线程空闲时间没提交新任务:"+executor);
// 再次使用线程运行任务
executor.execute(() -> {
System.out.println("线程池的线程抛出异常后,仅仅是线程被终止了,但线程池中的其他线程还能继续使用");
});
}
打印结果:
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 1, active threads = 1, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 1, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 2, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 2, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 3, active threads = 3, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 4, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
11:26:55.130 [main] ERROR com.example.bingfa02.ThreadUtil - 线程池任务满了,抛出异常。
Task: com.example.bingfa02.ThreadUtil$$Lambda$1/231685785@6504e3b2 。
Rejected from: java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 4, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
线程池信息:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 4, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException: Task com.example.bingfa02.ThreadUtil$$Lambda$1/231685785@6504e3b2 rejected from java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 4, queued tasks = 3, completed tasks = 0]
at com.example.bingfa02.ThreadUtil$CustomAbortPolicy.rejectedExecution(ThreadUtil.java:91)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.reject(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:830)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.execute(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1379)
at com.example.bingfa02.ThreadUtil.execute(ThreadUtil.java:101)
at com.example.bingfa02.ThreadUtil.main(ThreadUtil.java:109)
任务运行完毕后:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 4, active threads = 0, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 7]
超过线程空闲时间没提交新任务:java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@75a1cd57[Running, pool size = 2, active threads = 0, queued tasks = 0, completed tasks = 7]
线程池的线程抛出异常后,仅仅是线程被终止了,但线程池中的其他线程还能继续使用
线程池的状态

1、执行shutdown()方法后,不再接收新任务,队列中的任务会被执行完毕。
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
// 睡眠,让任务一个接一个地提交
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10);
execute(() -> {
try {
// 睡眠,避免任务过早结束
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200);
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
//System.out.println("线程池信息:"+executor);
}
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(80);
System.out.println("关闭线程池之前:"+executor);
executor.shutdown();
System.out.println("执行shutdown(),等待队列任务执行完毕:"+executor);
try {
executor.execute(() -> System.out.println("关闭线程池后提交任务,会抛出异常"));
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("所有任务运行完毕:"+executor);
}
2、执行shutdownNow()方法,不再接受新任务,丢弃队列的任务,中断正在执行的任务。
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
Integer a = null;
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
execute(() -> {
Integer b = a;
/**
* 任务的run()方法没有响应中断的代码,执行shutdownNow()也无法立刻停止线程,要等run()方法运行结束。
* 每个计算机的性能不同,可动态修改j的大小。
*
* 线程的状态和中断可以查看这两篇博客
* https://blog.csdn.net/u010606397/article/details/103891954
* https://blog.csdn.net/u010606397/article/details/109090806
*/
for (int j = 0; j < 10000000; j++) {
b = new Random().nextInt();
}
System.out.println("当前线程中断状态:"+Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
});
}
System.out.println("关闭线程池之前:"+executor);
executor.shutdownNow();
System.out.println("执行shutdownNow():"+executor);
try {
executor.execute(() -> System.out.println("关闭线程池后提交任务,会抛出异常"));
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
使用无界队列导致OutOfMemoryError
线程池的阻塞队列使用了无界队列时,有内存溢出风险。下面模拟内存溢出的场景。
1、阻塞队列使用无界队列new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()
executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(2 , 4 ,
10L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
defaultThreadFactory,
new CustomAbortPolicy());
2、将jvm内存设置得小一点 -Xms20m -Xmx20m

3、循环执行execute方法,将任务加到无界队列中
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
Integer a = null;
// 循环执行execute方法,将大量任务加入无界队列中,造成内存溢出
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
execute(() -> {
Integer b = a;
try {
// 睡眠保持线程不退出
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(60);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
b = new Random().nextInt();
});
}
}
4、运行一段时候后抛出OutOfMemoryError异常

需要注意的是,Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() 、Executors.newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) 源码中也使用无界队列new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()实现,有OutOfMemoryError风险。Executors.newCachedThreadPool()、Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(int nThreads)的最大线程数是Integer.MAX_VALUE,有可能因短时间内创建大量线程而导致OutOfMemoryError。最好是自己定义一个线程池,不用Java提供的,毕竟业务场景有千千万万种,Java设计者也无法给出一个完美的解决方案。
本文深入探讨Java线程池的工作原理及其实现细节,包括线程池的主要组件、构造函数参数的意义、线程池的使用规则及状态变化等内容。

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