Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) Terminology 2

FUNCTIONAL POWERTRAIN ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAMS

Hybrid systems can be assembled in a variety of different configurations using the HPU, E-machine, and gearing. This section provides an overview of the major types in the market today, but does not cover all of the possible configurations. It is noteworthy that the overlap in some classifications indicates that some vehicles may operate in a variety of modes.

Power-Split

A transmission providing continuously variable torque/speed ratios by the use of differential gearing connected with at least one electric motor-generator.

Power-Split Mode

A mechanical arrangement within a power-split transmission having a fixed linear combination of engine speed, output speed, and the speed of the motor-generator(s) that directly control(s) the speed ratio through the power-split.
Should the speed(s) of the controlling motor-generator(s) equal zero, this condition is a “mechanical point or mechanical ratio” of the system.

Mechanical Point or Mechanical Ratio

A ratio at which one of the motor-generators that controls the speed ratio through the transmission has come to a stop, and therefore power is transmitted mechanically through the differential gearing, but not electrically through that motor-generator.

Power-Split Design Options

Input Split

The input is connected separately to differential gearing. The power flow through the transmission is split by using differential gearing at the input.

Output Split

The output is connected separately to differential gearing. The power flow through the transmission is split by using differential gearing at the output.
A power-split with gearing at the transmission input and output is shown in Figure 1.

Compound Split

Both the input and output are connected separately to differential gearing. The power flow through the transmission is split by using differential gearing at both the input and the output.
A power split with gearing at both input and output is shown in Figure 2.

One-Mode or Single-Mode

There is only one, fixed linear combination of the input speed, output speed, and the speed of the motor-generator(s) that directly control(s) the speed ratio through the power-split transmission.

Multi-Mode (e.g., Two-Mode)

The power-split transmission can mechanically select from among more than one fixed, linear combination of input speed, output speed, and the speed of the motor-generator(s) that directly control(s) the speed ratio through the power-split transmission. For example, a two-mode power-split transmission may have an input-split mode when one clutch alone is
closed and a compound-split mode when another clutch alone is closed.
A hybrid vehicle in which both sources of energy go through a single propulsion device.

Parallel

A hybrid vehicle which has multiple propulsion systems that can be operated independently or together.

Parallel Hybrid Numbering Convention for a Single Motor in Numbered Position

For example, P1 combinations denoted with “/”; e.g., P1/P2/P4.

Parallel - P1

A hybrid system that is connected directly to the crankshaft of the engine with some type of clutch/fluid coupling between
the electric motor and the gearing.

Parallel - P2

A hybrid system with one clutch/fluid coupling between the HPU and the electric motor and a second clutch/fluid coupling between the electric motor and the gearing.

Crankshaft motor generator (also known as integrated motor generator [IMG], integrated motor assist [IMA], flywheel assist system [FAS]).
Electric machine is coupled to the engine crankshaft and can provide the hybrid functions of assist and regeneration.

Belted-Alternator-Starter (BAS)

Electric motor generator is coupled to the engine through a belt that can provide the function (but not necessarily take the place) of the alternator and starter as well as hybrid functions of assist and regeneration.

Through-the-Road Parallel

A 4WD configuration where the RESS-powered propulsion system powers one axle and the HPU powers the other axle.
No other connection between power sources exist.

VEHICLE ARCHITECTURE BLOCK DIAGRAMS

Appendix

The information I gathered from online sources is valuable for understanding EV architecture and future development.

According to the SAE J1715, four parallel configurations are designated as P1, P2, P3, and P4. SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1175 defines a fifth parallel configuration named “P0”.
P0 Parallel = A hybrid system that utilizes an electric motor-generator coupled to the engine through a drive belt that can provide the function of the alternator and starter as well as hybrid functions of assist and regeneration. These systems are known as Belt-Alternator-Starter (BAS) or Integrated Starter-Generator (ISG) systems.
P1 Parallel = A hybrid system that is connected directly to the crankshaft of the engine with some type of clutch/fluid coupling between the electric motor and the gearing. Example vehicles: Audi, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Volvo, VW. These systems are known as integrated motor-generator (IMG), integrated motor assist (IMA), flywheel assist system (FAS).
P2 Parallel = A hybrid system with one clutch/fluid coupling between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor and a second clutch/fluid coupling between the electric motor and the gearing. Example vehicles: Ford Explorer and F-150 Hybrid, Jeep Wrangler Unlimited PHEV, Toyota Tundra Hybrid.
P3 Parallel = A hybrid system that is connected directly to the driveshaft between the transmission and the differential/axle. Example vehicles: 2014-2016 Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid, Class 4-8 Trucks, BorgWarner Modular Drive.
P4 Parallel = A hybrid system that is connected directly to the differential/axle. Example vehicles: The rear axle of a Toyota RAV4 AWD Hybrid, a Class 4-8 Truck rear axle.