[GoF设计模式]Flyweight模式和State模式的C++实现

【Flyweight模式】

 一个应用程序创建了太多的对象，会造成很大的存储开销，特别是大量轻量级的对象。对于这种情况，可以将对象的状态分成外部状态和内部状态，将可以被共享(不变化)的状态作为内部状态存储在对象中，而外部状态则可以将外部对象作为参数传递给对象。Flyweight有一个类似工厂模式的对象构造工厂，当程序需要一个对象时就会向FlyweightFactory发出请求对象的消息，该工厂拥有一个管理、存储对象的仓库（或者称为对象池），FlyweightFactory中会遍历对象池，如果存在则直接返回，否则创建并返回。同时程序也可以向FlyweightFactory请求不被共享的对象。

【图解】

以纯文本为例，每个字符CharFlyweight为共享的轻量级对象，而由这些字符构成的行则为非共享的对象RowFlyweight，而TextFlyweightFactory则管理其共享对象的对象池。当用户向该工厂请求字符时，就从对象池中取得，而当用户向该工厂请求字符串时候则通过创建非共享的RowFlyweight获取，但此种每个字符的获取仍然向TextFlyweightFactory共享对象的对象池提出请求。

【程序】

 /******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION:Text Flyweight Factory Class * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef TEXTFLYWEIGHTFACTORY_H_ #define TEXTFLYWEIGHTFACTORY_H_ /** include files **/ #include <vector> #include "CharFlyweight.h" using namespace std; /** * TextFlyweightFactory: provide the CharFlyweight object * * @author roy nee (2009-10-4) */ class TextFlyweightFactory { public: /*Constructor and destructor*/ TextFlyweightFactory(){} virtual ~TextFlyweightFactory(){} /// <summary> /// Get the CharFlyweight Object /// </summary> /// <param name="_char"></param> /// <returns></returns> virtual AbstractFlyweight* GetFlyweight(char _char) { vector<CharFlyweight*>::iterator iter=this->_vecCharFlyweight.begin(); for(;iter!=this->_vecCharFlyweight.end();++iter) { if((*iter)->GetChar()==_char)return *iter; } CharFlyweight *newchar=new CharFlyweight(_char);/*new character*/ this->_vecCharFlyweight.push_back(newchar); /*Record it*/ return newchar; } virtual AbstractFlyweight* GetFlyweight(string str) { RowFlyweight *row=new RowFlyweight(); for(int i=0;i<str.length();++i) row->AddFlyweight(this->GetFlyweight(str[i])); /*Get the char from VecCharFlyweight*/ return row; } /// <summary> /// Just be used to show the size of vector /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> virtual int SizeVector() { return this->_vecCharFlyweight.size(); } private: /*CharFlyweight Vector*/ vector<CharFlyweight*> _vecCharFlyweight; }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION: AbstractFlyweight Class [Abstract Class Of Flyweight] * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef ABSTRACTFLYWEIGHT_H_ #define ABSTRACTFLYWEIGHT_H_ /** include files **/ #include <iostream> using namespace std; /** * AbstractFlyweight Class[Abstract Class] * * @author roy nee (2009-10-4) */ class AbstractFlyweight { public: AbstractFlyweight(){} virtual ~AbstractFlyweight(){} /// <summary> /// Interface of Writing the Element of Flyweight /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> virtual void Write()=0; }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION: Char Flyweight Class [Concrete Flyweight Class] * SharedFlyweight Class * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef CHARFLYWEIGHT_H_ #define CHARFLYWEIGHT_H_ /** include files **/ #include "AbstractFlyweight.h" class CharFlyweight:public AbstractFlyweight { public: /*constructor and destructor*/ CharFlyweight(char tChar) { this->_Char=tChar; } virtual ~CharFlyweight(){} /// <summary> /// Interface of Writing the Element of Flyweight /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> virtual void Write() { cout<<this->_Char<<flush; return; } /// <summary> /// Get the Char /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> virtual char GetChar() { return this->_Char; } private: char _Char; }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION:Row Flyweight Class [Unshared Flyweight Class] * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef ROWFLYWEIGHT_H_ #define ROWFLYWEIGHT_H_ /** include files **/ #include <vector> #include "AbstractFlyweight.h" using namespace std; class RowFlyweight:public AbstractFlyweight { public: RowFlyweight(){} virtual ~RowFlyweight(){} /// <summary> /// Interface of Writing the Element of Flyweight /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> virtual void Write() { for(vector<AbstractFlyweight*>::iterator iter=this->_vecFlyweight.begin();iter!=this->_vecFlyweight.end();++iter) (*iter)->Write(); return; } virtual void AddFlyweight(AbstractFlyweight * flyweight) { this->_vecFlyweight.push_back(flyweight); } private: vector<AbstractFlyweight*> _vecFlyweight; }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION:Flyweight Pattern [享元模式] * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ /** include files **/ #include <iostream> #include "CharFlyweight.h" #include "RowFlyweight.h" #include "TextFlyweightFactory.h" using namespace std; int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /*Now There is A factory*/ TextFlyweightFactory *factory=new TextFlyweightFactory(); /*Now Get CharFlyweight-shared*/ factory->GetFlyweight('a')->Write(); factory->GetFlyweight('a')->Write(); factory->GetFlyweight('c')->Write(); cout<<"/nFactory's Size is: "<<factory->SizeVector()<<endl; /*Now New a Row-unshared*/ factory->GetFlyweight("hello")->Write(); return(0); }  

【输出】

【State模式】

允许一个对象在其内部状态改变时改变它的行为。对象看起来似乎修改了它的类。FSM有限状态自动机也是一个典型的状态模式，对输入有同的相应(状态转移)，通常情况会写很多switch case 或者 if else语句，当状态数目很多时，维护一组swith case 很困难，状态逻辑和动作没能实现分开，在系统实现中，动作的实现代码直接写在状态逻辑中，使得系统的扩展性和维护性得不到保证。state模式也有问题是，状态逻辑分散到了很多state子类中，很难看到整个逻辑状态图，代码的维护难度也会加大。一般而言状态采用单例模式。注意单例模式中cpp文件中现代码，单例的初始化 GreenState* GreenState::_instance=0;必须在cpp文件中，在h文件中直接初始化或者不写编译会出问题。

【图解】

以交通灯的红灯和绿灯状态为例子(简单起见省略黄灯状态)，交通灯(Context),红灯/绿灯状态(Concrete State，状态采用单例模式)

【程序】

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION:Traffic Light Class [Context Class] * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef TRAFFICLIGHT_H_ #define TRAFFICLIGHT_H_ /** include files **/ #include "TrafficLightState.h" class TrafficLightState;/*predeclaration*/ /** * Traffic Light Class * * @author roy nee (2009-10-4) */ class TrafficLight { public: TrafficLight(TrafficLightState *state); virtual ~TrafficLight(); /// <summary> /// Change the State of Traffic Light /// </summary> /// <param name="state"></param> /// <returns></returns> virtual void ChangeState(TrafficLightState *state); /// <summary> /// Just See the State of TrafficLight /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> virtual void ShowState(); private: TrafficLightState *_state; }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION: * * AUTHOR: * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ /** include files **/ #include "TrafficLight.h" TrafficLight::TrafficLight(TrafficLightState *state) { this->_state=state; } TrafficLight::~TrafficLight(){} void TrafficLight::ChangeState(TrafficLightState *state) { this->_state=state;/*set the state*/ return; } void TrafficLight::ShowState() { this->_state->ShowState(); return; }  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION:Traffic Light State [Abstract State Class] * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef TRAFFICLIGHTSTATE_H_ #define TRAFFICLIGHTSTATE_H_ /** include files **/ #include <iostream> #include "TrafficLight.h" using namespace std; class TrafficLight;/*Predeclaration*/ /** * TrafficLight State * * @author roy nee (2009-10-4) */ class TrafficLightState { public: virtual ~TrafficLightState(); virtual void SetTrafficLight(TrafficLight *trafficlight)=0; virtual void ShowState()=0; protected:/*Singleton Pattern: constructor should be protected or private*/ TrafficLightState(); }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION: TrafficLightState CPP File * * AUTHOR: * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ /** include files **/ #include "TrafficLightState.h" TrafficLightState::TrafficLightState() { } TrafficLightState::~TrafficLightState() { }  

RedState和GreenState类似，省略.....

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION:Green State Class [Concrete State Class] * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ #ifndef GREENSTATE_H_ #define GREENSTATE_H_ /** include files **/ #include "TrafficLightState.h" /** * Green State Class : Concrete State * * @author roy nee (2009-10-4) */ class GreenState:public TrafficLightState { public: /*Singleton Pattern's interface to get object instance*/ static GreenState* Instance() { if(_instance==0)_instance=new GreenState(); return _instance; } virtual ~GreenState(); virtual void SetTrafficLight(TrafficLight *trafficlight); virtual void ShowState(); protected: GreenState();/*Singleton Pattern: private or pretected*/ private: static GreenState* _instance; }; #endif  

/******************************************************************* * * DESCRIPTION: GreenState cpp * * AUTHOR:Neesky * * DATE:2009-10-4 * *******************************************************************/ /** include files **/ #include "GreenState.h" /*Very Important for Singleton Pattern, it must be written in cpp file*/ GreenState* GreenState::_instance=0; GreenState::GreenState() { } GreenState::~GreenState() { } void GreenState::SetTrafficLight(TrafficLight *trafficlight) { trafficlight->ChangeState(this); } void GreenState::ShowState() { cout<<"Traffic Light: Green......"<<endl; return; }  

【输出】