数学分析 导数的四则运算法则及多个函数的推广

导数的四则运算法则

设 $f \left (x \right ), g \left (x \right )$ 在 $x$ 可导， 则：
1) $\left (f + g \right )' = f'+ g'$
2) $\left ( f \cdot g \right )' = f' \cdot g + f \cdot g'$
3) $\left (\frac {f} {g} \right )' = \frac {f' \cdot g - f \cdot g' } {g^2}$

证明

1)

$$\frac { \left (f + g \right ) \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - \left (f + g \right ) \left (x \right ) }{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) + g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - \left [f \left (x \right ) + g \left (x \right ) \right ] }{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] + \left [g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) \right ] }{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) } {\Delta x} + \frac { g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) }{\Delta x}$$

$$\rightarrow f' \left (x \right ) + g' \left (x \right ), \Delta x \rightarrow 0$$

2)

$$\frac { \left (f \cdot g \right ) \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - \left (f \cdot g \right ) \left (x \right ) }{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) g \left (x + \Delta x \right )- f \left (x \right ) g \left (x \right )}{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) + f \left (x \right )g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) g \left (x \right )}{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) + f \left (x \right ) \left [g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) \right ]}{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] g \left (x + \Delta x \right )}{\Delta x} + \frac {f \left (x \right ) \left [g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) \right ]}{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) }{\Delta x} \cdot g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) + f \left (x \right ) \cdot \frac {g \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right )}{\Delta x}$$

$$\rightarrow f' \left (x \right )g \left (x \right ) + f \left (x \right )g' \left (x \right ), \Delta x \rightarrow 0$$

3)

$$\frac { \left (\frac {f} {g} \right ) \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - \left (\frac {f} {g} \right ) \left (x \right ) }{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac { \frac {f \left (x + \Delta x \right )} {g \left (x + \Delta x \right )}- \frac {f \left (x \right )} {g \left (x \right )} }{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac {f \left (x + \Delta x \right )g \left (x \right ) - f \left (x \right )g \left (x+ \Delta x \right )} {\Delta x \cdot g \left (x \right )\cdot g \left (x + \Delta x \right )}$$

$$= \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] g \left (x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \left [g \left (x+ \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) \right ]} {\Delta x \cdot g \left (x \right )\cdot g \left (x + \Delta x \right )}$$

$$= \frac {1}{g \left (x \right )\cdot g \left (x + \Delta x \right )} \cdot \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] g \left (x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \left [g \left (x+ \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) \right ]}{\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac {1}{g \left (x \right )\cdot g \left (x + \Delta x \right )} \cdot \frac { \left [f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \right ] g \left (x \right )}{\Delta x} - \frac { f \left (x \right ) \left [g \left (x+ \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right ) \right ]} {\Delta x}$$

$$= \frac {1}{g \left (x \right )\cdot g \left (x + \Delta x \right )} \cdot \left [\frac {f \left (x + \Delta x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) }{\Delta x}g \left (x \right ) - f \left (x \right ) \frac {g \left (x+ \Delta x \right ) - g \left (x \right )} {\Delta x} \right ]$$

$$\rightarrow \frac {f' \left (x \right )g \left (x \right ) - f \left (x \right )g' \left (x \right )}{ \left [g \left (x \right ) \right ] ^2}, \Delta x \rightarrow 0$$

多个函数的线性组合的导函数

$$\forall n \in \mathbb N, n \ge 1, \left [\sum _{i = 1} ^{n} c_i f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]' = \sum _{i = 1} ^{n} c_i f_i' \left (x \right )$$

证明

$n = 1$ 时显然成立。
设 $n$ 时成立。则 $n + 1$时，

$$\left [\sum _{i = 1} ^{n + 1} c_i f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]' = \left [\sum _{i = 1} ^{n} c_i f_i \left (x \right ) + c_{n + 1} f_{n + 1} \left (x \right ) \right ]'$$

$$= \left [\sum _{i = 1} ^{n} c_i f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]' + c_{n + 1} f_{n + 1}' \left (x \right )$$

$$= \sum _{i = 1} ^{n} c_i f_i' \left (x \right ) + c_{n + 1} f_{n + 1}' \left (x \right )$$

$$= \sum _{i = 1} ^{n + 1} c_i f_i' \left (x \right )$$

多个函数的乘积的导函数

$$\forall n \in \mathbb N, n \ge 1, \left [\prod_{i = 1} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]' =\sum _{j = 1} ^{n} f_j' \left (x \right ) \left [ \prod_{i = 1 } _{ i \neq j} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]$$

证明

$n = 1$ 时显然成立。
设 $n$ 时成立。则 $n + 1$时，

$$\left [\prod_{i = 1} ^{n + 1} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]' = \left [\prod_{i = 1} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \cdot f_{n + 1} \left (x \right ) \right ]'$$

$$= \left [\prod_{i = 1} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]' \cdot f_{n + 1} \left (x \right ) + \prod_{i = 1} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \cdot f_{n + 1}' \left (x \right )$$

$$= \sum _{j = 1} ^{n} f_j' \left (x \right ) \left [ \prod_{i = 1 } _{ i \neq j} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ] \cdot f_{n + 1} \left (x \right ) + \prod_{i = 1} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right ) \cdot f_{n + 1}' \left (x \right )$$

$$= \sum _{j = 1} ^{n} f_j' \left (x \right ) \left [ \prod_{i = 1 } _{ i \neq j} ^{n + 1} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]+ f_{n + 1}' \left (x \right ) \prod_{i = 1} ^{n} f_i \left (x \right )$$

$$= \sum _{j = 1} ^{n + 1} f_j' \left (x \right ) \left [ \prod_{i = 1 } _{ i \neq j} ^{n + 1} f_i \left (x \right ) \right ]$$