Tworaygrond Model

In this model, the shadowing fading factor is not considered. Therefore, for a unique distance, the Pr is a determinstic value. Usually, tworayground has two formulas:

• when d is less than the crossing distance: Free Space model is used.
• when d is larger than the crossing distance: the follownig formula is applied:

P_r =   P_tG_tG_rh_t²h_r² / (Ld⁴)

Based on the default settings in ns-2, we can derive a relationship between Pr and distance

Default parameter in ns-2:

• Pt = 0.28183815
• L = 1
• Antenna Gain : 1
• Antanna height 1.5m

Cross-distnace Effect

In reality, path loss index is only 2 in near distance. Therefore, for near-distance (<25m) , the above formula does not apply. When distance is less than ~25 meter, the Friss model will be used. Check tworayground.cc for detail