Python 装饰器高级应用指南
1. 什么是装饰器?
装饰器是 Python 中一种特殊的语法结构,用于修改函数或类的行为。它允许我们在不修改原函数代码的情况下,为函数添加额外的功能。
2. 基本语法
装饰器使用 @ 符号来应用,放在函数定义的上方。
@decorator
def function():
pass
3. 装饰器的实现
3.1 简单装饰器
def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function call")
func()
print("After function call")
return wrapper
@my_decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello")
say_hello()
# 输出:
# Before function call
# Hello
# After function call
3.2 带参数的装饰器
def repeat(n):
def decorator(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
for _ in range(n):
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
return result
return wrapper
return decorator
@repeat(3)
def say_hello(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
say_hello("Alice")
# 输出:
# Hello, Alice!
# Hello, Alice!
# Hello, Alice!
3.3 保留函数元数据
使用 functools.wraps 可以保留原函数的元数据,如函数名、文档字符串等。
import functools
def my_decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
"""Wrapper function"""
print("Before function call")
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("After function call")
return result
return wrapper
@my_decorator
def say_hello():
"""Say hello function"""
print("Hello")
print(say_hello.__name__) # 输出: say_hello
print(say_hello.__doc__) # 输出: Say hello function
4. 高级应用
4.1 类装饰器
类装饰器是使用类来实现的装饰器,它通过 __call__ 方法来实现装饰功能。
class CountCalls:
def __init__(self, func):
self.func = func
self.count = 0
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.count += 1
print(f"Call {self.count} of {self.func.__name__}")
return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
@CountCalls
def say_hello():
print("Hello")
say_hello() # 输出: Call 1 of say_hello
# Hello
say_hello() # 输出: Call 2 of say_hello
# Hello
4.2 装饰器链
多个装饰器可以同时应用到一个函数上,形成装饰器链。
def decorator1(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print("Decorator 1 before")
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("Decorator 1 after")
return result
return wrapper
def decorator2(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print("Decorator 2 before")
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("Decorator 2 after")
return result
return wrapper
@decorator1
@decorator2
def say_hello():
print("Hello")
say_hello()
# 输出:
# Decorator 1 before
# Decorator 2 before
# Hello
# Decorator 2 after
# Decorator 1 after
4.3 带状态的装饰器
装饰器可以保持状态,例如缓存函数结果。
import functools
def cache(func):
"""Cache function results"""
cache_dict = {}
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
key = str(args) + str(kwargs)
if key not in cache_dict:
cache_dict[key] = func(*args, **kwargs)
return cache_dict[key]
return wrapper
@cache
def fibonacci(n):
if n <= 1:
return n
return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)
print(fibonacci(30)) # 第一次计算,会缓存结果
print(fibonacci(30)) # 直接从缓存获取结果
4.4 装饰器工厂
装饰器工厂是返回装饰器的函数,允许我们为装饰器提供配置参数。
def log_level(level):
def decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print(f"[{level.upper()}] Calling {func.__name__}")
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(f"[{level.upper()}] {func.__name__} completed")
return result
return wrapper
return decorator
@log_level("info")
def process_data(data):
print(f"Processing data: {data}")
return data * 2
@log_level("error")
def handle_error():
print("Handling error")
process_data(42) # 输出: [INFO] Calling process_data
# Processing data: 42
# [INFO] process_data completed
handle_error() # 输出: [ERROR] Calling handle_error
# Handling error
# [ERROR] handle_error completed
5. 实际应用场景
5.1 日志记录
def log_function(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print(f"Calling {func.__name__} with args: {args}, kwargs: {kwargs}")
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(f"{func.__name__} returned: {result}")
return result
return wrapper
@log_function
def add(a, b):
return a + b
add(3, 5) # 输出调用信息和返回值
5.2 性能计时
import time
def timer(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start_time = time.time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
end_time = time.time()
print(f"{func.__name__} took {end_time - start_time:.4f} seconds")
return result
return wrapper
@timer
def slow_function():
time.sleep(1)
return "Done"
slow_function() # 输出执行时间
5.3 权限验证
def require_permission(permission):
def decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
# 假设当前用户权限存储在 current_user.permissions 中
current_user = {"permissions": ["read", "write"]}
if permission not in current_user["permissions"]:
raise PermissionError(f"Required permission: {permission}")
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
return decorator
@require_permission("write")
def create_post(content):
print(f"Creating post: {content}")
return "Post created"
@require_permission("admin")
def delete_post(post_id):
print(f"Deleting post: {post_id}")
return "Post deleted"
create_post("Hello World") # 成功执行
try:
delete_post(1)
except PermissionError as e:
print(e) # 抛出权限错误
5.4 输入验证
def validate_input(*types):
def decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
for arg, type_ in zip(args, types):
if not isinstance(arg, type_):
raise TypeError(f"Expected {type_}, got {type(arg)}")
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
return decorator
@validate_input(int, str)
def process_user(user_id, name):
print(f"Processing user {user_id}: {name}")
return f"User {user_id} processed"
process_user(1, "Alice") # 成功执行
try:
process_user("1", "Alice")
except TypeError as e:
print(e) # 抛出类型错误
6. 最佳实践
- 使用 functools.wraps:保留原函数的元数据。
- 保持装饰器简单:每个装饰器只负责一项功能。
- 使用装饰器工厂:当需要为装饰器提供参数时。
- 文档化装饰器:为装饰器添加清晰的文档字符串。
- 测试装饰器:确保装饰器在各种情况下都能正常工作。
7. 总结
装饰器是 Python 中非常强大的功能,它允许我们以一种简洁、优雅的方式修改函数或类的行为。通过掌握装饰器的高级应用,我们可以编写更加模块化、可维护的代码。
在实际应用中,装饰器可以用于日志记录、性能计时、权限验证、输入验证等多种场景,大大提高了代码的可读性和可维护性。
希望本文对你理解和应用 Python 装饰器有所帮助!

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