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🔥 内容介绍
一、六冲程内燃机循环基础定义
六冲程内燃机在传统四冲程的基础上新增2个冲程,曲轴旋转3周、活塞完成6次往复运动,核心利用燃烧余热喷水汽化实现二次做功,主流分为注水余热型和无注水扫气型两类,其中克劳尔(Crower)注水式六冲程是热力学建模的核心研究对象。
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冲程1:进气冲程:活塞下行,进气门开启,油气混合气进入气缸
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冲程2:压缩冲程:活塞上行,进排气门全关,压缩混合气至点火压力
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冲程3:燃油做功冲程:火花塞点火,燃气膨胀推动活塞下行输出动力
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冲程4:一次排气冲程:活塞上行,排气门开启,排出高温废气
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冲程5:注水汽化做功冲程:向炽热气缸喷水,水瞬间汽化膨胀二次做功
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冲程6:二次排气冲程:活塞上行,排出全部水蒸气与残余废气
二、完整热力学建模方案
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一维整机热力学系统建模
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仿真工具选型:优先使用内燃机行业标准工具GT-SUITE,也可选用AVL Boost、Ricardo Wave完成循环标定、喷水量优化、油耗与效率计算
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核心部件搭建:依次构建气缸、曲轴连杆机构、进排气歧管、喷油器、缸内喷水模块、储水与冷凝回收系统
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关键参数定义:明确缸径、行程、压缩比、排量等几何参数,定义空气、汽油、液态水、水蒸气四种工质,设置转速、环境温压等边界条件
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配气相位自定义:以曲轴3圈为一个完整循环,自定义气门升程曲线,精准匹配6个冲程的气门开闭时序,这是建模的核心难点
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水喷射模型设置:定义喷射时刻、喷水量、水滴粒径、喷射压力,调用软件内置多相流蒸发模型计算水吸热汽化的完整过程
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求解输出:运行后得到缸内瞬时压力、温度、循环功、有效热效率、油耗等核心指标,输出P-V示功图、缸压-曲轴转角曲线
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三维缸内精细CFD建模
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仿真工具选型:使用ANSYS Fluent、CONVERGE或AVL Fire完成缸内流动、喷雾汽化的高精度仿真
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核心建模内容:设置动网格模拟活塞往复运动,精准计算水喷雾在高温缸内的蒸发速率、水蒸气分布,同时模拟混合气燃烧、废气余热传递、气门换气的全流程
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多物理场耦合拓展:可搭配有限元工具完成缸体热应力、热变形、润滑系统的耦合仿真,分析冷热交变应力对缸体材料的影响
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Matlab/Simulink 学术建模方案
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搭建零维双区热力学模型,自定义6冲程循环的热力学子模块,分别定义燃油燃烧放热、水的汽化相变、余热回收的数学方程
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编写m文件实现循环迭代计算,输出完整的示功图、热效率变化曲线,适合快速验证理论假设、开展算法层面的优化研究
⛳️ 运行结果






📣 部分代码
% parameters for the Main_engine.m script
%
% Angle convention for 6-stroke:
% phi = 0 deg : TDC1 (start of Stroke A)
% Strokes (each 180°):
% A: 0–180 intake (head intake valve) [long stroke]
% B: 180–360 compression #1 [long stroke]
% C: 360–540 combustion/expansion #1 (+ late EVO) [long stroke]
% D: 540–720 scavenge+mix + compression #2 [short stroke]
% E: 720–900 combustion/expansion #2 [short stroke]
% F: 900–1080 exhaust (head exhaust valve) [long stroke]
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Bart Blockmans, 2024 - bart@blockmans.net
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% =========================================================================
% OPERATING CONDITIONS & ENGINE LAYOUT
% =========================================================================
params.N_rpm = 2000; % Engine speed [rpm]
params.N_cyl = 1; % Number of cylinders [-]
% =========================================================================
% GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS
% =========================================================================
% Parameters used in simulation
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
params.B = 100; % cylinder bore [mm]
params.Rr = 100; % ring gear pitch radius [mm]
params.Rp = 60; % planet gear pitch radius [mm]
params.mn = 4; % Normal modulus gears [mm]
params.delta = 20; % offset of connecting rod [mm]
params.L = 200; % lenth of connecting rod [mm]
params.Vc = 8e4; % clearance volume (at highest TDC) [mm³]
params.psi0 = pi/2; % body-fixed angle of connecting rod [rad]
% Parameters used for animation
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
params.H = 60; % total piston height [mm]
params.Hc = 5; % cylinder clearance height [mm]
params.Rcw = 80; % counter weight crank shaft radius [mm]
params.Rc = 100; % top of the cylinder radius [mm]
params.Ds = 30; % crank shaft diameter [mm]
params.Do = 224; % ring gear outside diameter [mm]
params.Di = 96; % planet gear inside diameter [mm]
params.to = 10; % rim thickness ring gear [mm]
params.tw = 15; % wall thickness cylinder [mm]
params.Rcra = 12.5; % crank shaft radius [mm]
params.Rcr1 = 20; % connecting rod large radius [mm]
params.Rcr2 = 10; % connecting rod small radius [mm]
params.Rpis = 10; % piston hinge radius [mm]
params.yb = 330; % igniter mount height [mm]
params.bb = 20; % igniter height [mm]
% =========================================================================
% FLAT-SIX ENGINE LAYOUT
% =========================================================================
% Cylinder offset angles (from 180° spacing)
params.cyl_offset = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]; % [deg, deg, deg, deg, deg, deg]
% =========================================================================
% MANIFOLDS & SCAVENGE PORT PARAMETERS
% =========================================================================
params.p_int = 1.05e5; % intake plenum [Pa]
params.T_int = 315; % intake temp [K]
params.p_exh = 1.15e5; % exhaust plenum [Pa]
params.T_exh = 800; % exhaust temp [K]
params.p_scav = 1.20e5; % scavenge supply [Pa] (can be boosted)
params.T_scav = 320; % scavenge temp [K]
params.p_crank = 1.00e5; % crankcase (for net piston force)
% =========================================================================
% FUEL, CHEMISTRY & SPLIT BETWEEN BURNS
% =========================================================================
params.LHV = 44e6; % gasoline-like [J/kg]
params.AFR_st = 14.7; % stoichiometric air/fuel (mass) [-]
params.YO2_air = 0.232; % O2 mass fraction in air [-]
params.YO2_exh = 0.00; % O2 fraction in exhaust plenum [-]
params.eta_comb1 = 0.97; % combustion efficiency burn #1 [-]
params.eta_comb2 = 0.97; % combustion efficiency burn #2 [-]
params.mdot_fuel = 4.5e-4; % [kg/s] per cylinder
params.fuel_split = 0.70; % fraction to burn #1 (rest to burn #2) [-]
% Compute O2 required for stoichiometric combustion
params.nu_O2 = params.AFR_st * params.YO2_air; % ~3.41 kgO2/kg fuel
% =========================================================================
% COMBUSTION TIMING (WIEBE PER BURN)
% =========================================================================
% Burn #1 (stroke C: 360–540°)
params.soc1 = 345; % start of combustion #1 [deg]
params.dur1 = 45; % duration #1 [deg]
params.m1 = 2.0; % Wiebe m
params.a1 = 6.9; % Wiebe a (~99% mass-fraction burned)
% Burn #2 (stroke E: 720–900°)
params.soc2 = 725; % start of combustion #2 [deg]
params.dur2 = 40; % duration #2 [deg]
params.m2 = 2.0; % Wiebe m
params.a2 = 6.9; % Wiebe a
% =========================================================================
% VALVE & PORT TIMING & GEOMETRY
% =========================================================================
% Head intake valve (stroke A)
params.IVO_A = -20; % (wraps to 1060) open just before 0
params.IVC_A = 140; % closes well before 180
params.D_int = 0.032; % inlet diameter [m]
params.Lift_int= 0.008; % inlet lift [m]
params.Cd_int = 0.80; % discharge coefficient for inlet
% Head exhaust valve: late blowdown in C + full exhaust in F
% Split into two windows: C blowdown and F exhaust (kept closed during D,E)
params.EVO_C1 = 440; % open blowdown late in C
params.EVC_C1 = 580; % close before scavenge / compression-2
params.EVO_F1 = 900; % open for exhaust stroke F
params.EVC_F1 = 1080; % close at end of cycle
params.D_exh = 0.027; % exhaust diameter [m]
params.Lift_exh= 0.007; % exhaust lift [m]
params.Cd_exh = 0.80; % discharge coefficient for exhaust
% Scavenge ports: around BDC2 into early D (540–660)
% params.SP_open = 480; % open at BDC2 (automatically computed)
% params.SP_close= 600; % close early in D (automatically computed)
params.SP_perim= 0.140; % total perimeter of port windows [m]
params.SP_hmax = 0.009; % max effective port height [m]
params.Cd_scav = 0.85; % discharge coefficient for ports
% =========================================================================
% GAS PROPERTIES & HEAT TRANSFER
% =========================================================================
% Gas properties
params.R_mix = 287; % air-like gas constant [J/(kg K)]
params.cp = 1005; % constant specific heat capacity [J/(kg K)]
% Woschni heat-transfer coefficients
params.C1_wosch= 3.26; % correlation constant (SI units, p in bar)
params.C2_wosch= 6.18; % pseudo-velocity constant
params.T_wall = 450; % average wall temperature [K]
% Adiabatic index
params.gamma = params.cp/(params.cp - params.R_mix); % gamma = cp/cv
% =========================================================================
% SCAVENGE ALGEBRAIC MODEL PARAMETERS
% =========================================================================
% Trapping efficiency for fresh scavenge air (fraction of inflow that stays)
params.eta_tr = 0.90; % 0.8–0.95 typical with good uniflow
% Residual displacement efficiency: additional mass expelled per unit trapped inflow
params.eta_mix = 0.35; % 0.2–0.5 (tunes residual removal without CFD)
% Under-relaxation for burn-2 O2 cap between cycles
params.lambda2_relax = 0.5; % relaxation factor [-]
% =========================================================================
% NUMERICAL PARAMETERS
% =========================================================================
params.maxCycles = 100; % maximum number of cycles to iterate
params.cycleTol = 1e-3; % convergence tolerance on state norm [Pa + kg]
params.phiSpan = [0 1080]; % crank-angle span [deg]
params.phiGrid = linspace(0,1080,2161); % desired output grid [deg] (0.5 deg)
% =========================================================================
% FULL ENGINE PARAMETERS
% =========================================================================
% Mass and inertia
params.mp = 0.65; % Piston mass, including conrod [kg]
params.mpg = 1.2; % Planetary gear mass [kg]
params.Jp = 1.5e-3; % Planetary gear inertia [kg·m^2]
params.Jc = 0.15; % Carrier inertia [kg·m^2]
params.Jo = 0.045; % Output side inertia [kg·m^2]
% Gear mesh
params.k_mesh_avg = 2.5e7; % Average mesh stiffness along LOA [N/m]
params.k_mesh_amp = 0.25e7; % 1st-order amplitude mesh stiffness [N/m]
params.c_mesh = 2.0e2; % Mesh damping along LOA [Ns/m]
% Dual-mass flywheel (DMF)
params.k_dmf = 3.0e4; % DMF torsional stiffness [Nm/rad]
params.c_dmf = 10; % DMF torsional damping [Nms/rad]
params.phi_dmf0 = 0; % DMF preload [rad]
% Pre-DMF losses (engine friction + accessories)
params.loss.T_fric_const = 10; % constant friction [N·m]
params.loss.T_fric_visc = 0.02; % viscous friction [N·m·s]
params.loss.T_acc_const = 2; % accessory drag [N·m]
params.loss.T_acc_visc = 0.01; % accessory viscous drag [N·m·s]
% DMF simulation controls
params.sim.n_cycles_dmf = 4; % number of 1080° windows to settle DMF
params.sim.ode_rel_tol = 1e-5; % relative tolerance for ODE solver
params.sim.ode_abs_tol = 1e-5; % absolute tolerance for ODE solver
params.sim.ode_max_step = 1e-3; % maximum step size for ODE solver [s]
params.sim.ode_show_progress = true;
% =========================================================================
% ANIMATION PARAMETERS
% =========================================================================
% Number of frames
params.nf_anim = 100;
% Line width
params.LW = 1.5;
% Colors
params.colors.cyl = [186 197 204] / 255; % Cylinder color
params.colors.rod = [204 203 172] / 255; % Connecting rod color
params.colors.cw = [159 163 130] / 255; % Counterweight color
params.colors.gear = [112 146 190] / 255; % Planet gear body color
params.colors.pis = [119 114 113] / 255; % Piston color
params.colors.cham = [202 208 234] / 255; % Chamber underneath piston color
params.colors.valve = [215 245 246] / 255; % Valve color
params.colors.boog = [149 142 141] / 255; % Boogie color
params.colors.cam = [186 197 204] / 255; % Cam color
params.colors.man = [202 208 234] / 255; % Empty manifold color
% Particle simulation
params.particles.anim = 0; % Animate particles? 1 = yes
params.particles.np = 200; % # particles regular intake
params.particles.np_scav = 120; % # particles per scavenge port
params.particles.phi_A = 0.2; % target area fraction of particles in cavity
params.particles.speedRms = 10; % RMS of initial velocity distribution [m/s]
params.particles.contactP = 1; % Contact between particles? 1 = yes
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