网络编程学习总结
1.1、概述
计算机网络:
计算机网络是指将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路和通信设备连接起来,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下,实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
网络编程的目的:
无线电台...传播交流信息,数据交换,通信
想到达到这个效果需要什么:
-
如何准确定位为网络上的一台主机 192.168.16.124:端口,定位到计算机上的某个资源
-
找到了主机,如何传输数据呢?
javaweb: 网页编程 B/S(Browser/Server架构)-------浏览器和服务器架构模式
网络编程: TCP/IP C/S(Client/Server) -------客户机/服务器架构模式
1.2 网络通信的要素
如何实现网络的通信?
通信双方的地址:
-
ip
-
端口号
-
192.168.16.124:端口
规则:网络通信的协议
TCP/IP参考模型:

小结:
-
网络编程中两个主要问题
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如何准确定位到网络上的一个或多台主机
-
找到主机之后如何进行通信
-
-
网络编程中的要素
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IP和端口号 IP.
-
网络通信协议 ------- UDP、TCP
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1.3、IP
ip地址:InetAdress
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唯一定位一台网络上的计算机
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127.0.0.1 :本机localhost
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ip地址的分类
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ipv4/ipv6
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IPV4 :127.0.0.1 ,4个字节的组成。 0~255,42亿;
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IPV6 : fe80::ca93:9234:d319:f569%17 ,128位,8个无符号整数!
-
-
公网(互联网)-私网(局域网)
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ABCD类地址 -------- 根据网络的标识长度进行区分,A类为8位、B类为16位、C类为24位、D类位多播地址。
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192.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用
-
-
-
域名:记忆IP问题!
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IP:www.vip.com
package com.chen.lesson01; import java.net.InetAddress; import java.net.UnknownHostException; //测试IP public class TestInetAddress { public static void main(String[] args) { try { //查询本机地址 InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"); System.out.println(inetAddress1); InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost"); System.out.println(inetAddress3); InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost(); System.out.println(inetAddress4); //查询网站ip地址 InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com"); System.out.println(inetAddress2); //常用方法 System.out.println(inetAddress2.getAddress()); System.out.println(inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName());//规范的名字 System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostAddress());//ip System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostName());//域名或者自己电脑的名字 } catch (UnknownHostException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } -
1.4端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程;
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不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件!
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被规定 0~65535
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TCP,UDP :65535*2 单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
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端口分类
- 公有端口0~1023 - HTTP:80 - HTTPS:443 - FTP:21 - Telent:23 - c程序注册端口:2014~49151,分配用户或程序 - Tomcat:8080 - MySQL:3306 - Oracle:1521 - 动态/私有:49152~65532 ```bash netstat -ano #查看所有端口 netstat -ano|findstr "5900" #查看指定的端口 tasklist|findstr"8696" #查看指定端口的进程 Ctrl + shift + ESC #打开任务管理器 ``` ```java package com.chen.lesson01; import java.net.InetSocketAddress; public class TestInetSocketAddress { public static void main(String[] args) { InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080); InetSocketAddress socketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080); System.out.println(socketAddress); System.out.println(socketAddress2); System.out.println(socketAddress.getAddress()); System.out.println(socketAddress.getHostName());//地址 System.out.println(socketAddress.getPort());//端口 } } ```
1.5、通信协议
网络通信协议:速率、传输码率、代码结构、传输控制……
TCP/IP协议簇:
重要:
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TCP:用户传输协议
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UDP:用户数据报协议
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IP:网络互连协议
TCP UDP对比:
TCP:打电话
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连接,稳定
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三次握手,四次挥手
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客户端、服务端
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传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
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不连接,不稳定
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客户端、服务端:没有明确的界限
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不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
1.6、TCP
客户端:
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连接服务器Socket
-
发送消息
package com.chen.lesson02;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket=null;
OutputStream os=null;
try {
//1.要知道服务器的地址
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port = 9999;
//2.创建一个Socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP, port);
//3.发送消息IO流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("励志学好编程".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if(os!=null){
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
服务器:
-
建立服务的端口ServerSocket
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等待用户的连接accept
-
接收用的信息
package com.chen.lesson02;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket=null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null ;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos=null;
try {
//1.我得有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
while (true){
//2.等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端信息
is = socket.getInputStream();
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len= is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
}
/*
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len= is.read(buffer))!=-1){
String msg = new String(buffer,0,len);
System.out.println(msg);
}
*/
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//关闭资源
if(baos!=null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(is!=null){
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(serverSocket!=null){
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
文件上传
服务器端:
package com.chen.lesson02;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TcpServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的连接
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端接收完毕
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("接收完毕,可以断开".getBytes());
//5.关闭资源
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
客户端:
package com.chen.lesson02;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建一个Socket连接
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
//2.创建一个输出流
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.文件流
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("tx.jpg"));
//4.写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知服务器,已经结束
socket.shutdownOutput();//已经传输完了
//确定服务器接收完毕,才能断开连接
InputStream inputStream =socket.getInputStream();
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 =new byte[2014];
int len2;
while ((len2=inputStream.read(buffer2))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer2,0,len2);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
//5.关闭资源
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
Tomcat
服务端
-
自定义S
-
Tomcat服务器S:Java后台开发
客户端
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自定义C
-
浏览器B
1.7、UDP
发送消息
发送端:
package com.chen.lesson03;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个Socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建个包
String msg = "你好啊,服务器";
//发送给谁
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
//数据,数据的长度起始,发送给谁
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭流
socket.close();
}
}
接收端:
package com.chen.lesson03;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
//需要等待客户端的连接
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//开放端口
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//接收数据包
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞接受
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0, packet.getLength()));
//关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
循环发送消息
package com.chen.chat;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
//准备数据:控制台读取System.in
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true){
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));
socket.send(packet);
if(data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
循环接收消息
package com.chen.chat;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class UdpReceiveDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true){
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
在线咨询
发送端:
package com.chen.chat;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket=null;
BufferedReader reader=null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort,String toIP,int toPort) {
this.fromPort=fromPort;
this.toIP=toIP;
this.toPort=toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
}catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while(true){
try {
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if(data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
接收端:
package com.chen.chat;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket=null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port,String msgFrom) {
this.port=port;
this.msgFrom=msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
try {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom+":"+receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
老师端:
package com.chen.chat;
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
}
}
学生端;
package com.chen.chat;
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
}
}
1.8、URL
URL:统一资源定位符,定义互联网上的某一个资源
协议://ip地址:端口/项目名/资源
下载资源:
package com.chen.lesson04;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
public class UrlDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL("https://m701.music.126.net/20230825184814/a82f0b0e20706a9b71c063d97ad2ec04/jdyyaac/obj/w5rDlsOJwrLDjj7CmsOj/24537028600/1168/f64d/ab5d/8c0b3c3b765049eacd6491b9fb6c78dd.m4a");
//2.连接到这个资源 HTTP
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("达尔文.m4a");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1021];
int len;
while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);//写出这个数据
}
fos.close();
inputStream.close();
urlConnection.disconnect();//断开连接
}
}

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