三角函数公式汇总归纳

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​前​言​

笔​者​高​中​牲​，​之​前​学​习​三​角​函​数​有​关​知​识​时​，​总​容​易​忘​这​忘​那​，​所​以​特​意​整​理​了​一​下​，​方​便​复​习​，​这​里​也​分​享​给​大​家​。​

​诱​导​公​式​

​“​奇​变​偶​不​变​，​符​号​看​象​限​”​

​基​本​公​式​

​同​角​三​角​函​数​关​系​

​${\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha =1$
​$\frac{\sin \alpha }{\cos \alpha }=\tan \alpha$

如​图​所​示​，​取​一​单​位​圆​$x^2+y^2=1$，​在​单​位​圆​上​任​取​一​点​$P(x,y)$

根​据​正​、​余​弦​和​正​切​函​数​在​单​位​圆​内​的​定​义​，​可​得​$\sin \alpha =\frac{y}{r}=y$，​$\cos \alpha =\frac{x}{r}=x$，​$\tan \alpha =\frac{y}{x}$
$\therefore {\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha =y^2+x^2=1，\frac{\sin \alpha }{\cos \alpha }=\frac{y}{x}=\tan \alpha$

​和​差​公​式​

​$S_{(\alpha \pm \beta )}:\sin (\alpha \pm \beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta$
​$C_{(\alpha \pm \beta )}:\cos (\alpha \pm \beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta$
​$T_{(\alpha \pm \beta )}:\tan (\alpha \pm \beta )=\frac{\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta }{1\mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta }$

如​图​所​示​，​取​一​单​位​圆​$x^2+y^2=1$，​在​单​位​圆​上​取​两​点​$A$、​$B$，​记​$\angle AOx=\alpha$，​$\angle BOx=\beta$

根​据​圆​的​参​数​方​程​，​可​设​$A(\cos \alpha ,\sin \alpha )$，​$B(\cos \beta ,\sin \beta )$
$\therefore \overrightarrow{OA}=(\cos \alpha ,\sin \alpha )$，​$\overrightarrow{OB}=(\cos \beta ,\sin \beta )$
$\because$单​位​圆​的​半​径​$r=1$
$\therefore |\overrightarrow{OA}|=1$，​$|\overrightarrow{OB}|=1$
$\therefore \overrightarrow{OA}\cdot \overrightarrow{OB}=|\overrightarrow{OA}||\overrightarrow{OB}|\cos (\alpha -\beta )=1\times 1\times \cos (\alpha -\beta )$
$\overrightarrow{OA}\cdot \overrightarrow{OB}=\cos \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \alpha \sin \beta$
$\therefore \cos (\alpha -\beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \alpha \sin \beta$

用​$-\beta$代​替​掉​原​来​$\beta$的​位​置​，​可​得​$\cos (\alpha +\beta )=\cos \alpha \cos (-\beta )+\sin \alpha \sin (-\beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta$

用​$\frac{\pi }{2}-\alpha$代​替​掉​$\cos (\alpha -\beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \alpha \sin \beta$中​$\alpha$的​位​置​，​可​得​$\cos [(\frac{\pi }{2}-\alpha )-\beta ]=\cos (\frac{\pi }{2}-\alpha )\cos \beta +\sin (\frac{\pi }{2}-\alpha )\sin \beta$
对​等​式​两​侧​使​用​诱​导​公​式​，​可​得​
$\sin (\alpha +\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\cos \alpha \sin \beta$

用​$-\beta$代​替​掉​原​来​$\beta$的​位​置​，​可​得​$\sin (\alpha -\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos (-\beta )+\cos \alpha \sin (-\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta -\cos \alpha \sin \beta$

由​此​得​到​$\sin (\alpha \pm \beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta$、​$\cos (\alpha \pm \beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta$

$\therefore \tan (\alpha \pm \beta )=\frac{\sin (\alpha \pm \beta )}{\cos (\alpha \pm \beta )}=\frac{\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta }{\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta }=\frac{\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta }{1\mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta }$（​上​下​同​时​除​以​$\cos \alpha \cos \beta$）​

​二​倍​角​公​式​

​$S_{2\alpha }:\sin 2\alpha =2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha$
​$C_{2\alpha }:\cos 2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha$
​$T_{2\alpha }:\tan 2\alpha =\frac{2\tan \alpha }{1-{\tan }^2\alpha }$

$\sin 2\alpha =\sin (\alpha +\alpha )=\sin \alpha \cos \alpha +\cos \alpha \sin \alpha =2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha$
$\cos 2\alpha =\cos (\alpha +\alpha )=\cos \alpha \cos \alpha -\sin \alpha \sin \alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha$
$\tan 2\alpha =\tan (\alpha +\alpha )=\frac{\tan \alpha +\tan \alpha }{1-\tan \alpha \tan \alpha }=\frac{2\tan \alpha }{1-{\tan }^2\alpha }$

​辅​助​角​公​式​

​$a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\sin (\alpha +\phi )$
​$a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\cos (\alpha -\theta )$
​其​中​$\tan \phi =\frac{b}{a}$，​$\tan \theta =\frac{a}{b}$

$a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}(\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}\sin \alpha +\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}\cos \alpha )$

令​$\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}=\cos \phi ,\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}=\sin \phi$

则​$a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}(\cos \phi \sin \alpha +\sin \phi \cos \alpha )=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\sin (\alpha +\phi )$

其​中​，​$\tan \phi =\frac{\sin \phi }{\cos \phi }=\frac{\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}}{\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}}=\frac{b}{a}$

令​$\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}=\sin \theta ,\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}=\cos \theta$

则​$a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}(\sin \theta \sin \alpha +\cos \theta \cos \alpha )=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\cos (\alpha -\theta )$

其​中​，​$\tan \theta =\frac{\sin \theta }{\cos \theta }=\frac{\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}}{\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}}=\frac{a}{b}$

​重​要​公​式​

​升​幂​公​式​

​$1+\cos 2\alpha =2{\cos }^2\alpha$
​$1-\cos 2\alpha =2{\sin }^2\alpha$
​$1+\sin 2\alpha =(\sin \alpha +\cos \alpha {)}^2$
​$1-\sin 2\alpha =(\sin \alpha -\cos \alpha {)}^2$

$\because \cos 2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha$
$\therefore {\cos }^2\alpha ={\sin }^2\alpha +\cos 2\alpha$
${\cos }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha ={\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha +\cos 2\alpha$
$2{\cos }^2\alpha ={\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha +\cos 2\alpha$
$2{\cos }^2\alpha =1+\cos 2\alpha$

$\because \cos 2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha$
$\therefore {\sin }^2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -\cos 2\alpha$
${\sin }^2\alpha +{\sin }^2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha +{\sin }^2\alpha -\cos 2\alpha$
$2{\sin }^2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha +{\sin }^2\alpha -\cos 2\alpha$
$2{\sin }^2\alpha =1-\cos 2\alpha$

$1+\sin 2\alpha ={\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha +2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha =(\sin \alpha +\cos \alpha {)}^2$

$1-\sin 2\alpha ={\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha -2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha =(\sin \alpha -\cos \alpha {)}^2$

​降​幂​公​式​

​${\sin }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos 2\alpha )$
​${\cos }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos 2\alpha )$

$\because 2{\sin }^2\alpha =1-\cos 2\alpha$
$\therefore {\sin }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos 2\alpha )$

$\because 2{\cos }^2\alpha =1+\cos 2\alpha$
$\therefore {\cos }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos 2\alpha )$

​逆​用​倍​角​公​式​

​$\sin \alpha =\frac{\sin 2\alpha }{2\cos \alpha }$
​$\cos \alpha =\frac{\sin 2\alpha }{2\sin \alpha }$
​$\tan \alpha =\frac{\tan 2\alpha (1-{\tan }^2\alpha )}{2}$
​$(\cos \alpha +\sin \alpha )(\cos \alpha -\sin \alpha )={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha =\cos 2\alpha$
​$2{\cos }^2\alpha -1=1-2{\sin }^2\alpha =\cos 2\alpha$

$\because \sin 2\alpha =2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha$
$\therefore \sin \alpha =\frac{\sin 2\alpha }{2\cos \alpha }$，​$\cos \alpha =\frac{\sin 2\alpha }{2\sin \alpha }$
$\because \tan 2\alpha =\frac{2\tan \alpha }{1-{\tan }^2\alpha }$
$\therefore \tan \alpha =\frac{\tan 2\alpha (1-{\tan }^2\alpha )}{2}$

$\because \cos 2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha$
$\therefore (\cos \alpha +\sin \alpha )(\cos \alpha -\sin \alpha )={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha =\cos 2\alpha$

$\because {\sin }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos 2\alpha )$，​${\cos }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos 2\alpha )$
$\therefore 2{\cos }^2\alpha -1=1-2{\sin }^2\alpha =\cos 2\alpha$

​积​化​和​差​

​$\cos \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )+\cos (\alpha -\beta )]$
​$\sin \alpha \sin \beta =-\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )-\cos (\alpha -\beta )]$
​$\sin \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )+\sin (\alpha -\beta )]$
​$\cos \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )-\sin (\alpha -\beta )]$

$\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )+\cos (\alpha -\beta )]=\frac{1}{2}(\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta +\cos \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \alpha \sin \beta )=\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2\cos \alpha \cos \beta =\cos \alpha \cos \beta$

$-\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )-\cos (\alpha -\beta )]=-\frac{1}{2}(\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta -\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta )=-\frac{1}{2}\cdot (-2\sin \alpha \sin \beta )=\sin \alpha \sin \beta$

$\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )+\sin (\alpha -\beta )]=\frac{1}{2}(\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \beta \cos \alpha +\sin \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \beta \cos \alpha )=\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2\sin \alpha \cos \beta =\sin \alpha \cos \beta$

$\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )-\sin (\alpha -\beta )]=\frac{1}{2}(\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \beta \cos \alpha -\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \beta \cos \alpha )=\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2\sin \beta \cos \alpha =\cos \alpha \sin \beta$

​和​差​化​积​

​$\cos \alpha +\cos \beta =2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$
​$\cos \alpha -\cos \beta =-2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$
​$\sin \alpha +\sin \beta =2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$
​$\sin \alpha -\sin \beta =2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$

令​$A+B=\alpha$，​$A-B=\beta$
$\therefore \{\begin{array}{rl}& A+B=\alpha \\ & A-B=\beta \end{array}$
解​得​$\{\begin{array}{rl}& A=\frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\\ & B=\frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}\end{array}$

$\cos \alpha +\cos \beta =\cos (A+B)+\cos (A-B)=\cos A\cos B-\sin A\sin B+\cos A\cos B+\sin A\sin B=2\cos A\cos B=2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$

$\cos \alpha -\cos \beta =\cos (A+B)-\cos (A-B)=\cos A\cos B-\sin A\sin B-\cos A\cos B-\sin A\sin B=-2\sin A\sin B=-2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$

$\sin \alpha +\sin \beta =\sin (A+B)+\sin (A-B)=\sin A\cos B+\sin B\cos A+\sin A\cos B-\sin B\cos A=2\sin A\cos B=2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$

$\sin \alpha -\sin \beta =\sin (A+B)-\sin (A-B)=\sin A\cos B+\sin B\cos A-\sin A\cos B+\sin B\cos A=2\sin B\cos A=2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2}$

​半​角​公​式​

​$\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{2}}$
​$\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{2}}$
​$\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }}$
​$\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{\sin \alpha }=\frac{\sin \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }$

$\because 1+\cos 2\alpha =2{\cos }^2\alpha$
$\therefore 1+\cos \alpha =2{\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}$
$\therefore \cos \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{2}}$

$\because 1-\cos 2\alpha =2{\sin }^2\alpha$
$\therefore 1-\cos \alpha =2{\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}$
$\therefore \sin \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{2}}$

$\therefore \tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}}{\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }}$

$\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}}{\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}}=\frac{2\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}}{2{\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}=\frac{\sin \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }$

$\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}}{\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}}=\frac{2{\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{2\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{\sin \alpha }$

​其​它​公​式​

​三​倍​角​公​式​

​$\sin 3\alpha =3\sin \alpha -4{\sin }^3\alpha$
​$\cos 3\alpha =4{\cos }^3\alpha -3\cos \alpha$
​$\tan 3\alpha =\frac{3\tan \alpha -{\tan }^3\alpha }{1-3{\tan }^2\alpha }$

$\sin 3\alpha =\sin (2\alpha +\alpha )=\sin 2\alpha \cos \alpha +\cos 2\alpha \sin \alpha =2\sin \alpha (1-{\sin }^2\alpha )+(1-2{\sin }^2\alpha )\sin \alpha =3\sin \alpha -4{\sin }^3\alpha$

$\cos 3\alpha =\cos (2\alpha +\alpha )=\cos 2\alpha \cos \alpha -\sin 2\alpha \sin \alpha =(2{\cos }^2\alpha -1)\cos \alpha -2(1-{\cos }^2\alpha )\cos \alpha =4{\cos }^3\alpha -3\cos \alpha$

$\tan 3\alpha =\frac{\sin 3\alpha }{\cos 3\alpha }=\frac{\sin (\alpha +2\alpha )}{\cos (\alpha +2\alpha )}=\frac{\sin \alpha \cos 2\alpha +\cos \alpha \sin 2\alpha }{\cos \alpha \cos 2\alpha -\sin \alpha \sin 2\alpha }=\frac{\sin \alpha ({\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha )+\cos \alpha \cdot 2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha }{\cos \alpha ({\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha )-\sin \alpha \cdot 2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha }=\frac{\sin \alpha {\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^3\alpha +2\sin \alpha {\cos }^2\alpha }{{\cos }^3\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha \cos \alpha -2{\sin }^2\alpha \cos \alpha }=\frac{3\sin \alpha {\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^3\alpha }{{\cos }^3\alpha -3{\sin }^2\alpha \cos \alpha }=\frac{3\tan \alpha -{\tan }^3\alpha }{1-3{\tan }^2\alpha }$

​万​能​公​式​

​$\sin \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}+1}$
​$\cos \alpha =\frac{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}$
​$\tan \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}$

$\sin \alpha =2\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{2\sin \frac{\alpha }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha }{2}}{2{\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}+{\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}=\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}+1}$

$\cos \alpha ={\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}-{\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}=\frac{{\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}-{\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{{\sin }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}+{\cos }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}=\frac{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}$

$\tan \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}$

​类​平​方​差​公​式​

​${\sin }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\beta =\sin (\alpha +\beta )\sin (\alpha -\beta )$
​${\cos }^2\alpha -{\cos }^2\beta =-\sin (\alpha +\beta )\sin (\alpha -\beta )$
​${\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\beta =\cos (\alpha +\beta )\cos (\alpha -\beta )$

$\sin (\alpha +\beta )\sin (\alpha -\beta )=(\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \beta \cos \alpha )(\sin \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \beta \cos \alpha )={\sin }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta -{\sin }^2\beta {\cos }^2\alpha ={\sin }^2\alpha (1-{\sin }^2\beta )-{\sin }^2\beta (1-{\sin }^2\alpha )={\sin }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha {\sin }^2\beta -{\sin }^2\beta +{\sin }^2\alpha {\sin }^2\beta ={\sin }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\beta$

$-\sin (\alpha +\beta )\sin (\alpha -\beta )=-(\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \beta \cos \alpha )(\sin \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \beta \cos \alpha )=-({\sin }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta -{\sin }^2\beta {\cos }^2\alpha )=-[(1-{\cos }^2\alpha ){\cos }^2\beta -(1-{\cos }^2\beta ){\cos }^2\alpha ]=-({\cos }^2\beta -{\cos }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta -{\cos }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta )=-({\cos }^2\beta -{\cos }^2\alpha )={\cos }^2\alpha -{\cos }^2\beta$

$\cos (\alpha +\beta )\cos (\alpha -\beta )=(\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta )(\cos \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \alpha \sin \beta )={\cos }^2\alpha {\cos }^2\beta -{\sin }^2\alpha {\sin }^2\beta ={\cos }^2\alpha (1-{\sin }^2\beta )-(1-{\cos }^2\alpha ){\sin }^2\beta ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\cos }^2\alpha {\sin }^2\beta -{\sin }^2\beta +{\sin }^2\beta {\cos }^2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\beta$

​重​要​结​论​

​常​见​辅​助​角​结​论​

​$\sin x\pm \cos x=\sqrt{2}\sin (x\pm \frac{\pi }{4})$
​$\cos x\pm \sin x=\sqrt{2}\cos (\alpha \mp \frac{\pi }{4})$
​$\sin x\pm \sqrt{3}\cos x=2\sin (x\pm \frac{\pi }{3})$
​$\cos x\pm \sqrt{3}\sin x=2\cos (x\mp \frac{\pi }{3})$

​特​殊​三​角​函​数​

​三​角​形​内​常​见​结​论​

​$\sin A+\sin B+\sin C=4\cos \frac{A}{2}\cos \frac{B}{2}\cos \frac{C}{2}$
​$\tan A+\tan B+\tan C=\tan A\cdot \tan B\cdot \tan C$（​斜​三​角​形​）​