本文通过分析Android 7.0源码，探讨Android Runtime、虚拟机（如ART、Dalvik）与process之间的关系。从zygote启动到application启动，详细解析了AndroidRuntime如何管理虚拟机的生命周期，并涉及process的交互过程。
Android的四层架构图大家再熟悉不过了，对于虚拟机心中一直有些疑惑：
1.第三层Android Runtime和LIBRARIES层到底什么关系？
2.Android Runtime、虚拟机和process到底是什么关系？
今天我们从Android 7.0源码进行分析。
int main(int argc, char* const argv[])
{
if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
// Older kernels don't understand PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS and return
// EINVAL. Don't die on such kernels.
if (errno != EINVAL) {
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS failed: %s", strerror(errno));
return 12;
}
}
AppRuntime runtime(argv[0], computeArgBlockSize(argc, argv));
// Process command line arguments
// ignore argv[0]
argc--;
argv++;
// Everything up to '--' or first non '-' arg goes to the vm.
//
// The first argument after the VM args is the "parent dir", which
// is currently unused.
//
// After the parent dir, we expect one or more the following internal
// arguments :
//
// --zygote : Start in zygote mode
// --start-system-server : Start the system server.
// --application : Start in application (stand alone, non zygote) mode.
// --nice-name : The nice name for this process.
//
// For non zygote starts, these arguments will be followed by
// the main class name. All remaining arguments are passed to
// the main method of this class.
//
// For zygote starts, all remaining arguments are passed to the zygote.
// main function.
//
// Note that we must copy argument string values since we will rewrite the
// entire argument block when we apply the nice name to argv0.
int i;
for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
if (argv[i][0] != '-') {
break;
}
if (argv[i][1] == '-' && argv[i][2] == 0) {
++i; // Skip --.
break;
}
runtime.addOption(strdup(argv[i]));
}
// Parse runtime arguments. Stop at first unrecognized option.
bool zygote = false;
bool startSystemServer = false;
bool application = false;
String8 niceName;
String8 className;
++i; // Skip unused "parent dir" argument.
while (i < argc) {
const char* arg = argv[i++];
if (strcmp(arg, "--zygote") == 0) {
zygote = true;
niceName = ZYGOTE_NICE_NAME;
} else if (strcmp(arg, "--start-system-server") == 0) {
startSystemServer = true;
} else if (strcmp(arg, "--application") == 0) {
application = true;
} else if (strncmp(arg, "--nice-name=", 12) == 0) {
niceName.setTo(arg + 12);
} else if (strncmp(arg, "--", 2) != 0) {
className.setTo(arg);
break;
} else {
--i;
break;
}
}
Vector<String8> args;
if (!className.isEmpty()) {
// We're not in zygote mode, the only argument we need to pass
// to RuntimeInit is the application argument.
//
// The Remainder of args get passed to startup class main(). Make
// copies of them before we overwrite them with the process name.
args.add(application ? String8("application") : String8("tool"));
runtime.setClassNameAndArgs(className, argc - i, argv + i);
} else {
// We're in zygote mode.
maybeCreateDalvikCache();
if (startSystemServer) {
args.add(String8("start-system-server"));
}
char prop[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
if (property_get(ABI_LIST_PROPERTY, prop, NULL) == 0) {
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: Unable to determine ABI list from property %s.",
ABI_LIST_PROPERTY);
return 11;
}
String8 abiFlag("--abi-list=");
abiFlag.append(prop);
args.add(abiFlag);
// In zygote mode, pass all remaining arguments to the zygote
// main() method.
for (; i < argc; ++i) {
args.add(String8(argv[i]));
}
}
if (!niceName.isEmpty()) {
runtime.setArgv0(niceName.string());
set_process_name(niceName.string());
}
if (zygote) {
runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", args, zygote);
} else if (className) {
runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit", args, zygote);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: no class name or --zygote supplied.\n");
app_usage();
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: no class name or --zygote supplied.");
return 10;
}
}
// --zygote : Start in zygote mode
// --start-system-server : Start the system server.
// --application : Start in application (stand alone, non zygote) mode.
// --nice-name : The nice name for this process.
app_main.cpp是整个Java世界的起源，zygote（受精卵）是系统初始化的标志。从截取的log来看，main方法不仅可以可以初始化整个Android世界，孵化出systemserver，还可以启动一个application。为简单起见，我们直接从APP启动开始分析，我们直接走runtime。start（“com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit”, args, zygote）;
/*
* Start the Android runtime. This involves starting the virtual machine
* and calling the "static void main(String[] args)" method in the class
* named by "className".
*
* Passes the main function two arguments, the class name and the specified
* options string.
*/
void AndroidRuntime::start(const char* className, const Vector<String8>& options, bool zygote)
{
......
//const char* kernelHack = getenv("LD_ASSUME_KERNEL");
//ALOGD("Found LD_ASSUME_KERNEL='%s'\n", kernelHack);
/* start the virtual machine */
JniInvocation jni_invocation;
jni_invocation.Init(NULL);
JNIEnv* env;
if (startVm(&mJavaVM, &env, zygote) != 0) {
return;
}
onVmCreated(env);
/*
* Register android functions.
*/
if (startReg(env) < 0) {
ALOGE("Unable to register all android natives\n");
return;
}
/*
* We want to call main() with a String array with arguments in it.
* At present we have two arguments, the class name and an option string.
* Create an array to hold them.
*/
jclass stringClass;
jobjectArray strArray;
jstring classNameStr;
stringClass = env->FindClass("java/lang/String");
assert(stringClass != NULL);
strArray = env->NewObjectArray(options.size() + 1, stringClass, NULL);
assert(strArray != NULL);
classNameStr = env->NewStringUTF(className);
assert(classNameStr != NULL);
env->SetObjectArrayElement(strArray, 0, classNameStr);
for (size_t i = 0; i < options.size(); ++i) {
jstring optionsStr = env->NewStringUTF(options.itemAt(i).string());
assert(optionsStr != NULL);
env->SetObjectArrayElement(strArray, i + 1, optionsStr);
}
/*
* Start VM. This thread becomes the main thread of the VM, and will
* not return until the VM exits.
*/
char* slashClassName = toSlashClassName(className);
jclass startClass = env->FindClass(slashClassName);
if (startClass == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to locate class '%s'\n", slashClassName);
/* keep going */
} else {
jmethodID startMeth = env->GetStaticMethodID(startClass, "main",
"([Ljava/lang/String;)V");
if (startMeth == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to find main() in '%s'\n", className);
/* keep going */
} else {
env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);
#if 0
if (env->ExceptionCheck())
threadExitUncaughtException(env);
#endif
}
}
free(slashClassName);
ALOGD("Shutting down VM\n");
if (mJavaVM->DetachCurrentThread() != JNI_OK)
ALOGW("Warning: unable to detach main thread\n");
if (mJavaVM->DestroyJavaVM() != 0)
ALOGW("Warning: VM did not shut down cleanly\n");
}runtime是AppRuntime类型，start方法在基类AndroidRuntime实现。比较重要的是startVm，startReg这几个方法。
startVm方法根据配置文件初始化虚拟机，onVmCreate由子类AppRuntime实现。我们分析一下startReg，似乎和JNI 方法有关。
/*static*/ int AndroidRuntime::startReg(JNIEnv* env)
{
ATRACE_NAME("RegisterAndroidNatives");
/*
* This hook causes all future threads created in this process to be
* attached to the JavaVM. (This needs to go away in favor of JNI
* Attach calls.)
*/
androidSetCreateThreadFunc((android_create_thread_fn) javaCreateThreadEtc);
ALOGV("--- registering native functions ---\n");
/*
* Every "register" function calls one or more things that return
* a local reference (e.g. FindClass). Because we haven't really
* started the VM yet, they're all getting stored in the base frame
* and never released. Use Push/Pop to manage the storage.
*/
env->PushLocalFrame(200);
if (register_jni_procs(gRegJNI, NELEM(gRegJNI), env) < 0) {
env->PopLocalFrame(NULL);
return -1;
}
env->PopLocalFrame(NULL);
//createJavaThread("fubar", quickTest, (void*) "hello");
return 0;
}注册了主要的JNI的接口，我们接下去看有哪些JNI方法。
static const RegJNIRec gRegJNI[] = {
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_SystemClock),
REG_JNI(register_android_util_EventLog),
REG_JNI(register_android_util_Log),
REG_JNI(register_android_util_MemoryIntArray),
REG_JNI(register_android_util_PathParser),
REG_JNI(register_android_app_admin_SecurityLog),
REG_JNI(register_android_content_AssetManager),
REG_JNI(register_android_content_StringBlock),
REG_JNI(register_android_content_XmlBlock),
REG_JNI(register_android_text_AndroidCharacter),
REG_JNI(register_android_text_StaticLayout),
REG_JNI(register_android_text_AndroidBidi),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_InputDevice),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_KeyCharacterMap),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_Process),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_SystemProperties),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_Binder),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_Parcel),
REG_JNI(register_android_nio_utils),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Canvas),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Graphics),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_DisplayEventReceiver),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_RenderNode),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_RenderNodeAnimator),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_GraphicBuffer),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_DisplayListCanvas),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_HardwareLayer),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_ThreadedRenderer),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_Surface),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_SurfaceControl),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_SurfaceSession),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_TextureView),
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_view_animation_NativeInterpolatorFactoryHelper),
REG_JNI(register_com_google_android_gles_jni_EGLImpl),
REG_JNI(register_com_google_android_gles_jni_GLImpl),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_EGL14),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_EGLExt),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES10),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES10Ext),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES11),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES11Ext),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES20),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES30),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES31),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES31Ext),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_jni_GLES32),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Bitmap),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_BitmapFactory),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_BitmapRegionDecoder),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Camera),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_CreateJavaOutputStreamAdaptor),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_CanvasProperty),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_ColorFilter),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_DrawFilter),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_FontFamily),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Interpolator),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_LayerRasterizer),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_MaskFilter),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Matrix),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Movie),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_NinePatch),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Paint),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Path),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_PathMeasure),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_PathEffect),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Picture),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_PorterDuff),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Rasterizer),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Region),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Shader),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_SurfaceTexture),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Typeface),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_Xfermode),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_YuvImage),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_drawable_AnimatedVectorDrawable),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_drawable_VectorDrawable),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_pdf_PdfDocument),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_pdf_PdfEditor),
REG_JNI(register_android_graphics_pdf_PdfRenderer),
REG_JNI(register_android_database_CursorWindow),
REG_JNI(register_android_database_SQLiteConnection),
REG_JNI(register_android_database_SQLiteGlobal),
REG_JNI(register_android_database_SQLiteDebug),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_Debug),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_FileObserver),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_MessageQueue),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_SELinux),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_Trace),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_UEventObserver),
REG_JNI(register_android_net_LocalSocketImpl),
REG_JNI(register_android_net_NetworkUtils),
REG_JNI(register_android_net_TrafficStats),
REG_JNI(register_android_os_MemoryFile),
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_os_PathClassLoaderFactory),
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_os_Zygote),
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_util_VirtualRefBasePtr),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_Camera),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_camera2_CameraMetadata),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_camera2_legacy_LegacyCameraDevice),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_camera2_legacy_PerfMeasurement),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_camera2_DngCreator),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_Radio),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_SensorManager),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_SerialPort),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_SoundTrigger),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_UsbDevice),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_UsbDeviceConnection),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_UsbRequest),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_location_ActivityRecognitionHardware),
REG_JNI(register_android_hardware_location_ContextHubService),
REG_JNI(register_android_media_AudioRecord),
REG_JNI(register_android_media_AudioSystem),
REG_JNI(register_android_media_AudioTrack),
REG_JNI(register_android_media_JetPlayer),
REG_JNI(register_android_media_RemoteDisplay),
REG_JNI(register_android_media_ToneGenerator),
REG_JNI(register_android_opengl_classes),
REG_JNI(register_android_server_NetworkManagementSocketTagger),
REG_JNI(register_android_ddm_DdmHandleNativeHeap),
REG_JNI(register_android_backup_BackupDataInput),
REG_JNI(register_android_backup_BackupDataOutput),
REG_JNI(register_android_backup_FileBackupHelperBase),
REG_JNI(register_android_backup_BackupHelperDispatcher),
REG_JNI(register_android_app_backup_FullBackup),
REG_JNI(register_android_app_Activity),
REG_JNI(register_android_app_ActivityThread),
REG_JNI(register_android_app_ApplicationLoaders),
REG_JNI(register_android_app_NativeActivity),
REG_JNI(register_android_util_jar_StrictJarFile),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_InputChannel),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_InputEventReceiver),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_InputEventSender),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_InputQueue),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_KeyEvent),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_MotionEvent),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_PointerIcon),
REG_JNI(register_android_view_VelocityTracker),
REG_JNI(register_android_content_res_ObbScanner),
REG_JNI(register_android_content_res_Configuration),
REG_JNI(register_android_animation_PropertyValuesHolder),
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_content_NativeLibraryHelper),
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_net_NetworkStatsFactory),
};static int register_jni_procs(const RegJNIRec array[], size_t count, JNIEnv* env)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (array[i].mProc(env) < 0) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
ALOGD("----------!!! %s failed to load\n", array[i].mName);
#endif
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
} /*
* Start VM. This thread becomes the main thread of the VM, and will
* not return until the VM exits.
*/
char* slashClassName = toSlashClassName(className);
jclass startClass = env->FindClass(slashClassName);
if (startClass == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to locate class '%s'\n", slashClassName);
/* keep going */
} else {
jmethodID startMeth = env->GetStaticMethodID(startClass, "main",
"([Ljava/lang/String;)V");
if (startMeth == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to find main() in '%s'\n", className);
/* keep going */
} else {
env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);
#if 0
if (env->ExceptionCheck())
threadExitUncaughtException(env);
#endif
}
}
free(slashClassName);
start方法里有一段特别重要，这里虚拟机启动了主Activity, 就陷入了死循环，直到虚拟机退出或者出现异常。
现在我们自己了，AndroidRuntime管理虚拟机的创建、初始化、启动、退出等流程，一个AndroidRuntime对应一个虚拟机。还有一个问题，process和他们的关系是怎么样的，我们下面分析。
static const RegJNIRec gRegJNI[] = {
REG_JNI(register_com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit),/*
* JNI registration.
*/
static const JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
{ "nativeFinishInit", "()V",
(void*) com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit_nativeFinishInit },
{ "nativeZygoteInit", "()V",
(void*) com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit_nativeZygoteInit },
{ "nativeSetExitWithoutCleanup", "(Z)V",
(void*) com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit_nativeSetExitWithoutCleanup },
};
int register_com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit(JNIEnv* env)
{
return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/internal/os/RuntimeInit",
gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
}注册JNI方法时第一个方法特别重要，如果这一个方法注册成功，回调会调用com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit_nativeFinishInit这个方法。
/*
* Code written in the Java Programming Language calls here from main().
*/
static void com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit_nativeFinishInit(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz)
{
gCurRuntime->onStarted();
}
virtual void onStarted()
{
sp<ProcessState> proc = ProcessState::self();
ALOGV("App process: starting thread pool.\n");
proc->startThreadPool();
AndroidRuntime* ar = AndroidRuntime::getRuntime();
ar->callMain(mClassName, mClass, mArgs);
IPCThreadState::self()->stopProcess();
}
gCurRuntime就是AndroidRuntime的对象，将启动process。AndroidRuntime运行在process的loop中，分析完毕。
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