21天Python进阶学习挑战赛打卡8

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活动地址：CSDN21天学习挑战赛

 

学习日记


1，学习知识点

爬虫解析器BeautifulSoup4

2，学习遇到的问题

内容较复杂

3，学习的收获

BeautifulSoup4

4，实操

一、BeautifulSoup4库介绍

1. 介绍

Beautiful Soup 是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取数据的Python库.它能够通过你喜欢的转换器实现惯用的文档导航,查找,修改文档的方式.Beautiful Soup会帮你节省数小时甚至数天的工作时间。

BeautifulSoup4将网页转换为一颗DOM树：
 

2. 下载模块

1. window电脑点击win键+ R，输入：cmd

 

2. 安装beautifulsoup4，输入对应的pip命令：pip install beautifulsoup4 ，我已经安装过了出现版本就安装成功了


3. 导包

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">form bs4 <span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> BeautifulSoup
</code></span></span>

3. 解析库

BeautifulSoup在解析时实际上依赖解析器，它除了支持Python标准库中的HTML解析器外，还支持一 些第三方解析器(比如lxml)：

解析器使用方法优势劣势
Python标准库BeautifulSoup(html,’html.parser’)Python的内置标准库、执行速度适中、文档容错能力强Python 2.7.3及Python3.2.2之前的版本文档容错能力差
lxml HTML解析库BeautifulSoup(html,’lxml’)速度快、文档容错能力强需要安装C语言库
lxml XML解析库BeautifulSoup(html,‘xml'速度快、唯一支持XML的解析器需要安装C语言库
htm5lib解析库BeautifulSoup(html,’htm5llib’)最好的容错性、以浏览器的方式解析文档、生成HTMLS格式的文档速度慢、不依赖外部扩展

对于我们来说，我们最常使用的解析器是lxml HTML解析器，其次是html5lib.

二、上手操作

1. 基础操作

1. 读取HTML字符串：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span> bs4 <span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> BeautifulSoup

html <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">'''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel_body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1" name="element">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <a href="https://www.baidu.com">百度官网</a>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div> 
'''</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 创建对象</span>
soup <span style="color:#669900">=</span> BeautifulSoup<span style="color:#999999">(</span>html<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'lxml'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

2. 读取HTML文件：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span> bs4 <span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> BeautifulSoup

soup <span style="color:#669900">=</span> BeautifulSoup<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">open</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'index.html'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">'lxml'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

3. 基本方法

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span> bs4 <span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> BeautifulSoup

html <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">'''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel_body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1" name="element">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <a href="https://www.baidu.com">百度官网</a>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div> 
'''</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 创建对象</span>
soup <span style="color:#669900">=</span> BeautifulSoup<span style="color:#999999">(</span>html<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'lxml'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 缩进格式</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>prettify<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取title标签的所有内容</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>title<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取title标签的名称</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>title<span style="color:#999999">.</span>name<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取title标签的文本内容</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>title<span style="color:#999999">.</span>string<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取head标签的所有内容</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>head<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取第一个div标签中的所有内容</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>div<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取第一个div标签的id的值</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>div<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">"id"</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取第一个a标签中的所有内容</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>a<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取所有的a标签中的所有内容</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取id="u1"</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"u1"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取所有的a标签，并遍历打印a标签中的href的值</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">for</span> item <span style="color:#c678dd">in</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>item<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"href"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 获取所有的a标签，并遍历打印a标签的文本值</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">for</span> item <span style="color:#c678dd">in</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>item<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get_text<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

2. 对象种类

Beautiful Soup将复杂HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种: Tag , NavigableString , BeautifulSoup , Comment .

（1）Tag：Tag通俗点讲就是HTML中的一个个标签，例如：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">soup <span style="color:#669900">=</span> BeautifulSoup<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'<b class="boldest">Extremely bold</b>'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">'lxml'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
tag <span style="color:#669900">=</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>b
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">type</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#669900"><</span>b <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"boldest"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Extremely bold<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>b<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#c678dd">class</span> <span style="color:#669900">'bs4.element.Tag'</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
</code></span></span>

Tag有很多方法和属性,在 遍历文档树 和 搜索文档树 中有详细解释.现在介绍一下tag中最重要的属性: name和attributes：

name属性：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">.</span>name<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 输出结果：b</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 如果改变了tag的name,那将影响所有通过当前Beautiful Soup对象生成的HTML文档:</span>
tag<span style="color:#999999">.</span>name <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">"b1"</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 输出结果：<b1 class="boldest">Extremely bold</b1></span>
</code></span></span>

Attributes属性：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 取clas属性</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">'class'</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 直接”点”取属性, 比如: .attrs :</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">.</span>attrs<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

tag 的属性可以被添加、修改和删除：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 添加 id 属性</span>
tag<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">'id'</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#98c379">1</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 修改 class 属性</span>
tag<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">'class'</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">'tl1'</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 删除 class 属性</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">del</span> tag<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">'class'</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

（2）NavigableString：用.string获取标签内部的文字：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>b<span style="color:#999999">.</span>string<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">type</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>b<span style="color:#999999">.</span>string<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

（3）BeautifulSoup：表示的是一个文档的内容，可以获取它的类型，名称，以及属性：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">type</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>name<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># <type 'unicode'></span>

<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>name<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># [document]</span>

<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>attrs<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 文档本身的属性为空</span>
</code></span></span>

（4）Comment：是一个特殊类型的 NavigableString 对象，其输出的内容不包括注释符号。

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>b<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>b<span style="color:#999999">.</span>string<span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">type</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>b<span style="color:#999999">.</span>string<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

3. 搜索文档树

1.find_all(name, attrs, recursive, text, **kwargs)

（1）name 参数：name 参数可以查找所有名字为 name 的tag,字符串对象会被自动忽略掉

  • 匹配字符串：查找与字符串完整匹配的内容,用于查找文档中所有的<a>标签

    <span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">a_list <span style="color:#669900">=</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>a_list<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

  • 匹配正则表达式：如果传入正则表达式作为参数,Beautiful Soup会通过正则表达式的 match() 来匹配内容

    <span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 返回所有表示<body>和<b>标签</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">for</span> tag <span style="color:#c678dd">in</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span>re<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#669900">compile</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"^b"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>tag<span style="color:#999999">.</span>name<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

  • 匹配列表：如果传入列表参数,Beautiful Soup会将与列表中任一元素匹配的内容返回

    <span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 返回所有所有<p>标签和<a>标签:</span>
soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">"p"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

（2）kwargs参数

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">'link2'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

（3）text参数：通过 text 参数可以搜搜文档中的字符串内容，与 name 参数的可选值一样, text 参数接受 字符串 , 正则表达式 , 列表

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 匹配字符串</span>
soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span>text<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 匹配正则</span>
soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span>text<span style="color:#669900">=</span>re<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#669900">compile</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"^b"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 匹配列表</span>
soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>find_all<span style="color:#999999">(</span>text<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">"p"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">"a"</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

4. css选择器

我们在使用BeautifulSoup解析库时，经常会结合CSS选择器来提取数据。

注意：以下讲解CSS选择器只选择标签，至于获取属性值和文本内容我们后面再讲。

1. 根据标签名查找：比如写一个 li 就会选择所有li 标签, 不过我们一般不用，因为我们都是精确到标签再提取数据的

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span> bs4 <span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> BeautifulSoup

html <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">'''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel_body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1" name="element">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <a href="https://www.baidu.com">百度官网</a>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div> 
'''</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 创建对象</span>
soup <span style="color:#669900">=</span> BeautifulSoup<span style="color:#999999">(</span>html<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'lxml'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 1. 根据标签名查找：查找li标签</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"li"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

2. 根据类名class查找。.1ine, 即一个点加line，这个表达式选的是class= "line "的所有标签，".”代表class

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">".panel_body"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>ul <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list list-small"</span> <span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list-2"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>div<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

3. 根据id查找。#box,即一个#和box表示选取id-”box "的所有标签，“#”代表id

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"#list-1"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>ul <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list"</span> <span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list-1"</span> name<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

4. 根据属性的名字查找。class属性和id属性较为特殊，故单独拿出来定义一个". "和“”来表示他们。

比如：input[ name=“username”]这个表达式查找name= "username "的标签，此处注意和xpath语法的区别

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'ul[ name="element"]'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>ul <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list"</span> <span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list-1"</span> name<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

5. 标签+类名或id的形式。

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 查找id为list-1的ul标签</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'ul#list-1'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"-"</span><span style="color:#669900">*</span><span style="color:#98c379">20</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 查找class为list的ul标签</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'ul.list'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>ul <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list"</span> <span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list-1"</span> name<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
<span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>ul <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list"</span> <span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list-1"</span> name<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>ul <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list list-small"</span> <span style="color:#669900">id</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"list-2"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>ul<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

6. 查找直接子元素

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 查找id="list-1"的标签下的直接子标签li</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'#list-1>li'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

7. 查找子孙标签

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># .panel_body和li之间是一个空格，这个表达式查找id=”.panel_body”的标签下的子或孙标签li</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'.panel_body li'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Jay<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Foo<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900"><</span>li <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"element"</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>Bar<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">/</span>li<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

8. 取某个标签的属性

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 1. 先取到<div class="panel_body"></span>
div <span style="color:#669900">=</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">".panel_body"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 2. 再去下面的a标签下的href属性</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'a'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">"href"</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">https<span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#669900">//</span>www<span style="color:#999999">.</span>baidu<span style="color:#999999">.</span>com
</code></span></span>

9. 获取文本内容有四种方式：

(a) string：获得某个标签下的文本内容，强调-一个标签，不含嵌我。 返回-个字符串

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># 1. 先取到<div class="panel_body"></span>
div <span style="color:#669900">=</span> soup<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">".panel_body"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"># 2. 再去下面的a标签下</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>select<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">'a'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>string<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">百度官网
</code></span></span>

(b) strings：获得某个标签下的所有文本内容，可以嵌套。返回-一个生成器，可用list(生成器)转换为列表

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>strings<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">list</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>strings<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#669900"><</span>generator <span style="color:#669900">object</span> Tag<span style="color:#999999">.</span>_all_strings at <span style="color:#98c379">0x000001AA58E525F0</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Foo'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Bar'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Jay'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Foo'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'百度官网'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Bar'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'\n'</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

（c）stripped.strings：跟(b)差不多，只不过它会去掉每个字符串头部和尾部的空格和换行符

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>stripped_strings<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">list</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>stripped_strings<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#669900"><</span>generator <span style="color:#669900">object</span> PageElement<span style="color:#999999">.</span>stripped_strings at <span style="color:#98c379">0x000001F9995525F0</span><span style="color:#669900">></span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#669900">'Foo'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Bar'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Jay'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Foo'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'百度官网'</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">'Bar'</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>
</code></span></span>

(d) get.text():获取所有字符串，含嵌套. 不过会把所有字符串拼接为一个，然后返回
注意2:
前3个都是属性，不加括号;最后一个是函数，加括号。

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>div<span style="color:#999999">.</span>get_text<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span></span>

输出结果：

<span style="color:#000000"><span style="background-color:#282c34"><code class="language-python">

Foo
Bar
Jay


Foo
百度官网
Bar
</code></span></span>

 

​

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下面进入。dataset.py。
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