Windows select 计时误差

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本文探讨了Windows select函数在不同线程优先级下的计时误差问题，通过测试发现无论普通线程优先级还是最高线程优先级，定时误差均在900 us到1200 us之间。即使使用Sleep(0)循环等待，高线程优先级下仍可能出现调度导致的延时超误差，对于高精度计时需求需谨慎处理。

Windows select 计时误差

测试:普通线程优先级

测试代码

//
// [from] uthash/tests/keystat.c
//
void gettimeofday(struct timeval* p, void* tz /* IGNORED */)
{
  LARGE_INTEGER q;
  static long long freq;
  static long long cyg_timer;
  QueryPerformanceFrequency(&q);
  freq = q.QuadPart;
  QueryPerformanceCounter(&q);
  cyg_timer = q.QuadPart;
  p->tv_sec = (long)(cyg_timer / freq);
  p->tv_usec = (long)(((cyg_timer % freq) * 1000000) / freq);
}

  double deviation_sum = 0.0;
  double deviation_cnt = 0.0;
  double deviation_max = 0.0;
  struct timeval lastSent;
  struct timeval lastPrint;
  gettimeofday(&lastSent, NULL);
while(1)
{
  FD_SET readfd;
  struct timeval timeout;
  //...
  timeout.tv_sec = interval / 1000000;
  	timeout.tv_usec = interval % 1000000;
  	gettimeofday(&lastSent, NULL);
  	int reVal = select(num + 1, &readfd, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
  	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
  	if (SOCKET_ERROR == reVal)
  		continue;
  	else if (0 == reVal)
  	{
  		uint32_t diff;
  		if (tv.tv_sec == lastSent.tv_sec)
  		{
  			diff = (uint32_t)(tv.tv_usec - lastSent.tv_usec);
  		}
  		else if (tv.tv_sec > lastSent.tv_sec)
  		{
  			diff = (uint32_t)(tv.tv_sec - lastSent.tv_sec - 1) * 1000000; /* lean 1 sec to tv_usec */
  			diff = diff + (uint32_t)(1000000/*borrowed from tv_sec*/ + tv.tv_usec - lastSent.tv_usec);
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			printf("gettimeofday err ...\n");
  			break;
  		}
  		if ((double)diff > deviation_max)
  			deviation_max = diff;
  		deviation_cnt += 1.0;
  		deviation_sum += diff;
  		if (lastSent.tv_sec != lastPrint.tv_sec)
  		{
  			lastPrint.tv_sec = lastSent.tv_sec;
  			printf("%s max:%.2lf avg:%.2lf cnt:%.lf\n", GetCurrentTimestamp(&lastSent), deviation_max, deviation_sum / deviation_cnt, deviation_cnt);
  		}
  		continue;
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		continue;;
  	}
}

测试结果

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 100 ### interval == 100 us
1503.000640 max:1164.00 avg:964.83 cnt:882
...
1506.000451 max:1273.00 avg:964.59 cnt:3954
^C

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 500 ### interval == 500 us
1332.000614 max:1180.00 avg:964.92 cnt:438
...
1401.000570 max:1488.00 avg:964.37 cnt:30136
...
1431.000583 max:1727.00 avg:964.40 cnt:60858
^C

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 1500
1437.001326 max:2126.00 avg:1942.53 cnt:36
...
1458.000003 max:2517.00 avg:1938.90 cnt:10788
^C

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 5000
1512.000066 max:6018.00 avg:5839.33 cnt:58
...
1523.005303 max:6128.00 avg:5835.96 cnt:1938
^C

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 10000
1528.001068 max:10972.00 avg:10722.54 cnt:37
...
1546.002710 max:10981.00 avg:10720.36 cnt:1713
^C

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 50000
1553.007225 max:50838.00 avg:50761.67 cnt:9
...
1608.038217 max:50967.00 avg:50738.57 cnt:305

结论

定时误差: 900 us ~ 1200 us

测试:最高线程优先级

提高优先级

SetThreadPriority(GetCurrentThread(), THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGHEST);

测试结果

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 1000
5323.036629 max:1938.00 avg:1938.00 cnt:1
5324.001369 max:2115.00 avg:1745.90 cnt:549
...
5344.000173 max:2690.00 avg:1784.91 cnt:11647

结论

定时误差: 900 us ~ 1200 us

测试:Sleep(0)循环等待

Code

  int reVal;
  	if (true && interval < 5000) {
  		while (1) {
  			Sleep(0);
  			gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
  			if ((tv.tv_sec > lastSent.tv_sec) || (tv.tv_sec == lastSent.tv_sec && tv.tv_usec >= lastSent.tv_usec)) { break; }
  		}
  		reVal = 0;
  	} else {
  		reVal = select(num + 1, &readfd, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
  		gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
  	}
  	if (SOCKET_ERROR == reVal)
  		continue;

情形一:最高优先级

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 500
5506.000000 max:91.00 avg:0.36 cnt:40969
5507.000003 max:107.00 avg:0.37 cnt:246429
5508.000002 max:176.00 avg:0.38 cnt:450611
...
5525.000001 max:377.00 avg:0.37 cnt:3962238
...
5530.000002 max:1971.00 avg:0.38 cnt:4991011

情形二:普通优先级

test.exe -c 127.0.0.01:7777 -t 500
5640.000003 max:125.00 avg:0.39 cnt:156529
5641.000006 max:125.00 avg:0.38 cnt:363393
5642.000004 max:474.00 avg:0.39 cnt:566785
...
5647.000000 max:734.00 avg:0.38 cnt:1609190
...
5703.000025 max:6910.00 avg:0.39 cnt:4893457