C++/C++11中std transform的使用

std::transform在指定的范围内应用于给定的操作，并将结果存储在指定的另一个范围内。要使用std::transform函数需要包含<algorithm>头文件。

以下是std::transform的两个声明，一个是对应于一元操作，一个是对应于二元操作：

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperation>  OutputIterator transform (InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,                            OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op); template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,          class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>  OutputIterator transform (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,                            InputIterator2 first2, OutputIterator result,                            BinaryOperation binary_op);

对于一元操作，将op应用于[first1, last1]范围内的每个元素，并将每个操作返回的值存储在以result开头的范围内。给定的op将被连续调用last1-first1+1次。op可以是函数指针或函数对象或lambda表达式。

如op的一个实现 即将[first1, last1]范围内的每个元素加5，然后依次存储到result中。

int op_increase(int i) {return (i + 5)};

调用std::transform的方式如下：

std::transform(first1, last1, result, op_increase);

对于二元操作，使用[first1, last1]范围内的每个元素作为第一个参数调用binary_op,并以first2开头的范围内的每个元素作为第二个参数调用binary_op,每次调用返回的值都存储在以result开头的范围内。给定的binary_op将被连续调用last1-first1+1次。binary_op可以是函数指针或函数对象或lambda表达式。

如binary_op的一个实现即将first1和first2开头的范围内的每个元素相加，然后依次存储到result中。

 int op_add(int, a, int b) {return (a + b)};

调用std::transform的方式如下：

std::transform(first1, last1, first2, result, op_add);

std::transform支持in place，即result和first1指向的位置可以是相同的。std::transform的主要作用应该就是省去了我们自己写for循环实现。

以下是摘自对std::transform的英文解释：

/*// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/transformtemplate< class InputIt, class OutputIt, class UnaryOperation >OutputIt transform( InputIt first1, InputIt last1, OutputIt d_first, UnaryOperation unary_op ){  while (first1 != last1) {  *d_first++ = binary_op(*first1++, *first2++);  }  return d_first;}template< class InputIt1, class InputIt2, class OutputIt, class BinaryOperation >OutputIt transform( InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1, InputIt2 first2, OutputIt d_first, BinaryOperation binary_op );std::transform applies the given function to a range and stores the result in another range, beginning at d_first.(1): The unary operation unary_op is applied to the range defined by [first1, last1).(2): The binary operation binary_op is applied to pairs of elements from two ranges:     one defined by [first1, last1) and the other beginning at first2.Parameters:  first1, last1: the first range of elements to transform  first2: the beginning of the second range of elements to transform  d_first:the beginning of the destination range, may be equal to first1 or first2  unary_op: unary operation function object that will be applied.  binary_op: binary operation function object that will be applied.Return value: Output iterator to the element past the last element transformed.std::for_each: ignores the return value of the function and guarantees order of execution.std::transform: assigns the return value to the iterator, and does not guarantee the order of execution.*/

以下是std::transform用法举例：

#include "transform.hpp"#include <algorithm> // std::transform#include <string>#include <cctype> // std::toupper#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <functional> // std::plus c++14int test_transform1(){ std::string s("Hello"); std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(),  [](unsigned char c) { return std::toupper(c); }); std::cout << s << std::endl; // HELLO std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::tolower); std::cout << s << std::endl; // hello //////////////////////////////// std::vector<int> arr{ 1, 3, 5 }; std::vector<int> arr2{ 1, 3, 5 }; std::vector<int> arr3{ 1, 3, 5 }; std::transform(arr.begin(), arr.end(), arr.begin(),  [](int d) -> int {return d * 5; }); // for_each for (auto value : arr) {  std::cout << value << "    "; // 5 15 25 } std::cout<<std::endl; std::for_each(arr2.begin(), arr2.end(), [](int& a) {a *= 5; }); for (auto value : arr2) {  std::cout << value << "    "; // 5 15 25 } std::cout << std::endl; for (auto& value : arr3) {  value *= 5; } for (auto value : arr3) {  std::cout << value << "    "; // 5 15 25 } std::cout << std::endl; std::vector<std::string> names = { "hi", "test", "foo" }; std::vector<std::size_t> name_sizes; /////////////////////////// std::transform(names.begin(), names.end(), std::back_inserter(name_sizes),  [](std::string name) { return name.size(); }); for (auto value : name_sizes) {  std::cout << value << "    "; // 2 4 3 } std::cout << std::endl; std::for_each(name_sizes.begin(), name_sizes.end(), [](std::size_t name_size) {  std::cout << name_size << "    "; // 2 4 3 }); std::cout << std::endl; return 0;}/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/transform/static int op_increase(int i) { return ++i; }int test_transform2(){ std::vector<int> foo; std::vector<int> bar; // set some values: for (int i = 1; i<6; i++)  foo.push_back(i * 10); // foo: 10 20 30 40 50 bar.resize(foo.size()); // allocate space std::transform(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), op_increase); // bar: 11 21 31 41 51 // std::plus adds together its two arguments: std::transform(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), foo.begin(), std::plus<int>()); // foo: 21 41 61 81 101 std::cout << "foo contains:"; for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = foo.begin(); it != foo.end(); ++it)  std::cout << ' ' << *it; // 21 41 61 81 101 std::cout << '\n'; return 0;}

GitHub：https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test