Persistence，EntityManagerFactory和EntityManager

   
持久化单元（persist unit）就是关于一组Entity的命名配置。持久化单元是一个静态概念。 
持久化上下文（Persist Context）就是一个受管的Entity实例的集合。
每一个持久化上下文都关联一个持久化单元，持久化上下文不可能脱离持久化单元独立存在。
持久化上下文是一个动态概念。 
    
尽管持久化上下文非常重要，但是开发者不直接与之打交道，持久化上下文在程序中是透明的，我们通过EntityManager间接管理它。 

   
实体管理器工厂 EntityManagerFactory是获得实体管理器EntityManager对象的入口，
而EntityManagerFactory对象是通过javax.persistenc.Persistence类中的静态方法createEntityManagerFactory来创建的。

• javax.persistenc.Persistence类提供了两个手动创建EntityManagerFactory对象的方法，它们的定义如下所示。 
  

    
package javax.persistence; 
import java.util.*; 
public class Persistence {      
    public static EntityManagerFactory createEntityManagerFactory( 
    String persistenceUnitName) {...} 
    public static EntityManagerFactory createEntityManagerFactory( 
    String persistenceUnitName, Map properties) {...} 
} 

• 其中，createEntityManagerFactory(String persistenceUnitName, Map properties)方法中properties的参数将覆盖persistence.xml文件配置的参数。 

   

package javax.persistence;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.persistence.metamodel.Metamodel;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder;
/**
 * Interface used to interact with the entity manager factory
 * for the persistence unit.
 *
 * <p>When the application has finished using the entity manager
 * factory, and/or at application shutdown, the application should
 * close the entity manager factory.  Once an
 * <code>EntityManagerFactory</code> has been closed, all its entity managers
 * are considered to be in the closed state.
 *
 * @since Java Persistence 1.0
 */
public interface EntityManagerFactory {
    /**
     * Create a new application-managed <code>EntityManager</code>.
     * This method returns a new <code>EntityManager</code> instance each time
     * it is invoked.
     * The <code>isOpen</code> method will return true on the returned instance.
     * @return entity manager instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     */
    public EntityManager createEntityManager();
    /**
     * Create a new application-managed <code>EntityManager</code> with the
     * specified Map of properties.
     * This method returns a new <code>EntityManager</code> instance each time
     * it is invoked.
     * The <code>isOpen</code> method will return true on the returned instance.
     * @param map properties for entity manager
     * @return entity manager instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     */
    public EntityManager createEntityManager(Map map);
    /**
     * Return an instance of <code>CriteriaBuilder</code> for the creation of
     * <code>CriteriaQuery</code> objects.
     * @return CriteriaBuilder instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     *
     * @since Java Persistence 2.0
     */
    public CriteriaBuilder getCriteriaBuilder();
    /**
     * Return an instance of <code>Metamodel</code> interface for access to the
     * metamodel of the persistence unit.
     * @return Metamodel instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     *
     * @since Java Persistence 2.0
     */
    public Metamodel getMetamodel();
    /**
     * Indicates whether the factory is open. Returns true
     * until the factory has been closed.
     * @return boolean indicating whether the factory is open
     */
    public boolean isOpen();
    /**
     * Close the factory, releasing any resources that it holds.
     * After a factory instance has been closed, all methods invoked
     * on it will throw the <code>IllegalStateException</code>, except
     * for <code>isOpen</code>, which will return false. Once an
     * <code>EntityManagerFactory</code> has been closed, all its
     * entity managers are considered to be in the closed state.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     */
    public void close();
    /**
     * Get the properties and associated values that are in effect
     * for the entity manager factory. Changing the contents of the
     * map does not change the configuration in effect.
     * @return properties
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     *
     * @since Java Persistence 2.0
     */
    public Map<String, Object> getProperties();
    /**
     * Access the cache that is associated with the entity manager
     * factory (the "second level cache").
     * @return instance of the <code>Cache</code> interface
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     *
     * @since Java Persistence 2.0
     */
    public Cache getCache();
    /**
     * Return interface providing access to utility methods
     * for the persistence unit.
     * @return <code>PersistenceUnitUtil</code> interface
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager factory
     * has been closed
     *
     * @since Java Persistence 2.0
     */
    public PersistenceUnitUtil getPersistenceUnitUtil();
}

   
EntityManagerFactory emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("JPA"); 
EntityManager entityManger = emf.createEntityManager(); 

   
@PersistenceContext 
private EntityManger entityManger； 
@PersistenceUnit 
private EntityMangerFactory emf； 

• 实体管理器EntityManager是负责管理Entity的对象。对Entity的操作包括添加、删除、修改和查询，都是通过实体管理器来实现的。
  

依赖注入EntityManager

• 在EJB容器 中，EntityManager的获得可以通过标注，使用依赖注入来创建EntityManager实例，代码如下所示。
  

   
Public class sessionbean1{
@PersistenceContext
EntityManager em;
。。。
}

•    通过将@PersistContext注解标注在EntityManager类型的字段上，这样得到的EntityManager就是容器管理的EntityManager，我们不需要也不应该显式的关闭注入的EntityManager实例。 
  
• @PersistenceContex 表示标注的属性entityManager是一个实体管理器EntityManager对象，EJB容器会根据unitName的值来初始化 EntityManager。
• 注意：如果persistence.xml文件中配置了多个<persistence-unit>。
• 那么在注入EntityManager对 象时必须指定持久化名称，通过@PersistenceContext注释的unitName属性进行指定，例：
  

   
@PersistenceContext(unitName="foshanshop")
EntityManager em;

   
容器管理的EntityManager细分为两种类型：事务类型和扩展类型。

如果@PersistContext未指定type属性，或者指定为PersistContextType.TRANSACTION,则表示该类型是事务类型的。

如果指定为PersistContextType.EXTENDED，表示该EntityManager是扩展类型的。