高级OpenGL之模板测试

最新推荐文章于 2026-03-28 10:48:05 发布

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OpenGL

本文深入探讨了OpenGL中模板缓冲的使用方法，包括glStencilFunc和glStencilOp函数的详细解释，以及如何通过模板测试控制渲染流程。文章还提供了一个实际的代码示例，展示如何在模板测试和深度测试中应用这些函数。

和深度测试一样，对模板缓冲应该通过还是失败，以及它应该如何影响模板缓冲，有一定控制。一共有两个函数能够用来配置模板测试: glStencilFunc和glStencilOp

glStencilFunc(GLenum func, GLint ref,Gluint mask)一共包含三个参数:

func：设置模板测试函数。用于比较已储存的模板值上和glStencilFunc函数的ref值上。可用的选项有:GL_NEVER,GL_LESS,GL_LEQUAL,GL_GREATER,GL_GEQUAL,GL_EQUAL,GL_NOTEQUAL和GL_ALWAYS。

ref:设置了模板测试的参考值。模板缓冲的内容将会与这个值进行比较。

mask:设置一个掩码，它将会与参考值和储存的模板值在测试比较它们之前进行与（AND）运算。初始情况下所有位都为1.

指示如何更新缓冲，需要glStencilOp函数：

glStencilOp(GLenum sfail,GLenum dpfail,GLenum dppass)一共包含三个选项，

sfail:模板测试失败时采取的行为

dpfail:模板测试通过，但深度测试失败时采取的行为。

dppass：模板测试和深度测试都通过时采取的行为。

模板测试小节代码实现：

#include <iostream>
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
//#include <boost/filesystem.cpp>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#include "Shader.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include<math.h>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* windows, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow *window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
void DrawTwoContainers(Shader &normalShader);
void DrawTwoScaledUpContainers(Shader &shaderSingleColor);
//settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1280;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 720;

#define ambient_light 0.1 //定义四个点光源的环境光影响
#define specular_light 0.05	// 定义四个点光源镜面反射的影响


Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_HEIGHT/ 2.0f;
float lastY = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;
unsigned int cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
unsigned int cubeTexture;
unsigned int floorTexture;
//timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main()
{
	//glfw:initialize and configure
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
	GLFWwindow *window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "model_loading", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);


	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}
	glEnable(GL_STENCIL_TEST);
	glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
	//Model ourModel("D:/opengltask/LearnOpenGL-master/resources/objects/nanosuit/nanosuit.obj");
	float cubeVertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture Coords
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
	};
	float planeVertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture Coords (note we set these higher than 1 (together with GL_REPEAT as texture wrapping mode). this will cause the floor texture to repeat)
		5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,

		5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,
		5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  2.0f, 2.0f
	};
	//对于立方体的VAO
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	//对于平面的VAO
	unsigned int planeVAO, planeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(planeVertices), &planeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);
	cubeTexture= loadTexture("D:/opengltask/LearnOpenGL-master/resources/textures/marble.jpg");
	floorTexture = loadTexture("D:/opengltask/LearnOpenGL-master/resources/textures/metal.png");
	Shader normalShader=Shader("1.1.depth_testing.vs", "1.1.depth_testing.fs");
	Shader shaderSingleColor=Shader("1.1.depth_testing.vs", "shaderSingleColor.fs");
	//加载纹理
	normalShader.use();
	//normalShader.setInt("texture1", 0);
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		//处理键盘输入
		processInput(window);

		//渲染
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT|GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT);	//将模板缓冲清楚为0
		normalShader.use();
		glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
		glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
		normalShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
		normalShader.setMat4("view", view);
		shaderSingleColor.use();
		shaderSingleColor.setMat4("projection", projection);
		shaderSingleColor.setMat4("view", view);
		normalShader.use();
		//画地板
		glStencilMask(0x00);	// 保证在绘制地板的时候不会更新模板缓冲
		glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, floorTexture);
		normalShader.setMat4("model", glm::mat4(1.0f));
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
		glBindVertexArray(0);
		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		glStencilOp(GL_KEEP, GL_KEEP, GL_REPLACE);
		glStencilFunc(GL_ALWAYS, 1, 0xFF); //用于已储存的模板值和ref之间进行比较,所有的片段都应该更新模板缓冲
		glStencilMask(0xFF);//启用模板缓冲写入

		normalShader.use();
		DrawTwoContainers(normalShader);

		glStencilFunc(GL_NOTEQUAL, 1, 0xFF);
		glStencilMask(0x00);	//禁止模板缓冲的写入
		glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		shaderSingleColor.use();
		DrawTwoScaledUpContainers(shaderSingleColor);
		
		glStencilMask(0xFF);
		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
	}
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}
void DrawTwoContainers(Shader &normalShader)
{
	//画第一个立方体
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
	glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f));
	normalShader.setMat4("model", model);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
	//画第二个立方体
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
	normalShader.setMat4("model", model);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}
void DrawTwoScaledUpContainers(Shader &shaderSingleColor)
{
	//画第一个立方体
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
	glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.1f, 1.1f, 1.1f));
	shaderSingleColor.setMat4("model", model);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
	//画第二个立方体
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.1f, 1.1f, 1.1f));
	shaderSingleColor.setMat4("model", model);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)	//视口根据窗口大小调整的函数，两个整数表示窗口的新维度
{
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)	//输入的控制
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);

	/*if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_L) == GLFW_PRESS)
		model = glm::rotate(model, (float)(M_PI / 360.0), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_R) == GLFW_PRESS)
		model = glm::rotate(model, (float)(-M_PI / 360.0), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));*/
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)	//	glfwGetKey函数需要一个窗口以及一个按键作为输入，函数将会返回这个按键是否正在被按下
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)	//鼠标回调函数
{
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = xpos;
		lastY = ypos;
		firstMouse = false;
	}
	float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - ypos;	//相反的，因为y坐标是从底部往顶部依次增大的
	lastX = xpos;
	lastY = ypos;
	camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)	//鼠标滚轮的回调函数
{
	camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
unsigned int loadTexture(char const *path)
{
	unsigned int texture_id;
	glGenTextures(1, &texture_id);
	int width, height, nrChannels;
	unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		GLenum format;	//unsigned int 类型的别称
		if (nrChannels == 1)
			format = GL_RED;
		else if (nrChannels == 3)
			format = GL_RGB;
		else if (nrChannels == 4)
			format = GL_RGBA;
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_id);
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

		stbi_image_free(data);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture at path:" <<path<< std::endl;
	}

	return texture_id;
}

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