[poj 3601]Tower of Hanoi 数论

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本文探讨了经典的汉诺塔问题及其变种，特别是在允许多个相同大小圆盘的情况下，如何计算将所有圆盘从一个柱子移动到另一个柱子所需的最小步骤数。文章提供了具体的数学公式和C++实现代码。

http://poj.org/problem?id=3601

Description

The Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle consisting of three pegs and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide onto any peg. The puzzle starts with the disks neatly stacked in order of size on one peg, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another peg, obeying the following rules:

Only one disk may be moved at a time.
Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the pegs and sliding it onto another peg, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that peg.
No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.

For n disks, it is a well-known result that the optimal solution takes 2ⁿ − 1 moves.

To complicate the puzzle a little, we allow multiple disks to be of the same size. Moreover, equisized disks are mutually distinguishable. Their ordering at the beginning should be preserved at the end, though it may be disturbed during the process of solving the puzzle.

Given the number of disks of each size, compute the number of moves that the optimal solution takes.

Input

The input contains multiple test cases. Each test case consists of two lines. The first line contains two integers n and m (1 ≤ n ≤ 100, 1 ≤ m ≤ 10⁶). The second lines contains n integers a₁, a₂, …, a_n (1 ≤ a₁, a₂, …, a_n ≤ 10⁵). For each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, there are a_i disks of size i. The input ends where EOF is met.

Output

For each test case, print the answer modulo m on a separate line.

Sample Input

Sample Output

Source

PKU Campus 2008 (POJ Founder Monthly Contest – 2008.05.10), xfxyjwf

拿到这道题刚开始的想法是推出了A[i]的递推式子。

但是题目的要求是从上到下应该是保序的。

最后发现这个是具体数学上的一道原题。

公式为

B[i=2*c[i]-1;(i=1)

B[i]=2*a[i-1]+2*c[i]+b[i-1]; (i>1 且 c[i]>1)

B[i]=a[i];(c[i]=1)

#include <cstdio>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctype.h>
using namespace std;
int n,m,i;
int a[105],b[105],c[105];
int main()
{
    while (scanf("%d %d",&n,&m)!=EOF)
    {
	for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
		scanf("%d",&c[i]);
	memset(b,0,sizeof(b));
	memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
	for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
		a[i]=(a[i-1]*2+c[i])%m;
	b[1]=(2*c[1]-1)%m;
	for (i=2;i<=n;i++)
		if (c[i]==1) b[i]=a[i];
		else b[i]=(2*a[i-1]+2*c[i]+b[i-1])%m; 
	printf("%d\n",b[n]);
	}
    return 0;
}