本文详细解析了Django命令执行的整个过程，包括从django-admin.py脚本开始，到ManagementUtility类的execute方法，再到BaseCommand类的run_from_argv方法等关键步骤。
Django源码分布：
Django项目的创建是从django-admin.py startproject name开始的，那就从django-admin.py开始。
#!/usr/bin/env python
from django.core import management
if __name__ == "__main__":
management.execute_from_command_line()
1.django-admin.py导入了core的management模块，执行了management模块的execute_from_command_line方法。
management模块位于core模块的__init__.py文件中。
def execute_from_command_line(argv=None):
"""
A simple method that runs a ManagementUtility.
"""
utility = ManagementUtility(argv)
utility.execute()
该方法实例化ManagementUtiltity类，并执行类方法execute()
class ManagementUtility(object):
"""
Encapsulates the logic of the django-admin and manage.py utilities.
A ManagementUtility has a number of commands, which can be manipulated
by editing the self.commands dictionary.
"""
该新式类主要封装django-admin和manage工具的逻辑，这个封装有很多命令，可以通过编辑commands字典控制。
def execute(self):
"""
Given the command-line arguments, this figures out which subcommand is
being run, creates a parser appropriate to that command, and runs it.
"""
try:
subcommand = self.argv[1]
except IndexError:
subcommand = 'help' # Display help if no arguments were given.
# Preprocess options to extract --settings and --pythonpath.
# These options could affect the commands that are available, so they
# must be processed early.
parser = CommandParser(None, usage="%(prog)s subcommand [options] [args]", add_help=False)
parser.add_argument('--settings')
parser.add_argument('--pythonpath')
parser.add_argument('args', nargs='*') # catch-all
try:
options, args = parser.parse_known_args(self.argv[2:])
handle_default_options(options)
except CommandError:
pass # Ignore any option errors at this point.
no_settings_commands = [
'help', 'version', '--help', '--version', '-h',
'compilemessages', 'makemessages',
'startapp', 'startproject',
]
try:
settings.INSTALLED_APPS
except ImproperlyConfigured as exc:
self.settings_exception = exc
# A handful of built-in management commands work without settings.
# Load the default settings -- where INSTALLED_APPS is empty.
if subcommand in no_settings_commands:
settings.configure()
if settings.configured:
# Start the auto-reloading dev server even if the code is broken.
# The hardcoded condition is a code smell but we can't rely on a
# flag on the command class because we haven't located it yet.
if subcommand == 'runserver' and '--noreload' not in self.argv:
try:
autoreload.check_errors(django.setup)()
except Exception:
# The exception will be raised later in the child process
# started by the autoreloader. Pretend it didn't happen by
# loading an empty list of applications.
apps.all_models = defaultdict(OrderedDict)
apps.app_configs = OrderedDict()
apps.apps_ready = apps.models_ready = apps.ready = True
# In all other cases, django.setup() is required to succeed.
else:
django.setup()
self.autocomplete()
if subcommand == 'help':
if '--commands' in args:
sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text(commands_only=True) + '\n')
elif len(options.args) < 1:
sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')
else:
self.fetch_command(options.args[0]).print_help(self.prog_name, options.args[0])
# Special-cases: We want 'django-admin --version' and
# 'django-admin --help' to work, for backwards compatibility.
elif subcommand == 'version' or self.argv[1:] == ['--version']:
sys.stdout.write(django.get_version() + '\n')
elif self.argv[1:] in (['--help'], ['-h']):
sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')
else:
self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
该方法执行逻辑：
1.解析命令行输入的第一个命令参数，若无参数则为‘help’
2.实例化CommandParser类，并预处理一些选项以获得--settings和--pythonpath参数，这些操作必须尽早处理，因为它会影响该模块所提供的命令执行
3.然后解析命令行输入的第二个及后续参数。如果后面输入了settings或者pythonpath参数，则使用输入的参数。注，在这点上会捕获所有操作异常，并不做任何处理
4.加载应用程序。
注：如果运行时没有配置文件，则会报错，如果命令在no_settings_commands列表中，就使用默认配置文件进行配置。列表中的这些命令工作时不依赖 配置文件。
5.如果完成了配置，且命令为runserver，并且参数没有带“--noreload”字样，则以自动重启Django服务方式调用django.setup()，该服务会自动检测文件是否修改，若发生修改，则自动重启Django服务
注：如果在启动过程中发生了异常，则由自动重启进程通过加载空的应用程序列表来仿照没有发生异常，并稍后报出异常。
6.如果命令不为runserver或者"--noreload"在命令中，则调用django.setup()正常初始化django环境
7.调用autocomplete()方法检查是否自动完成
8.执行对应命令
8.1如果命令为help，则或针对某一个命令打印出帮助信息，或者打印所有命令帮助信息，或者仅打印help帮助信息。
8.2如果命令为version等，则打印版本信息
8.3调用self.fetch_command的run_from_argv()方法在command中寻找对应的命令并将输入参数传递执行。
接下来分析fetch_command的源码：
def fetch_command(self, subcommand):
"""
Tries to fetch the given subcommand, printing a message with the
appropriate command called from the command line (usually
"django-admin" or "manage.py") if it can't be found.
"""
# Get commands outside of try block to prevent swallowing exceptions
commands = get_commands()
try:
app_name = commands[subcommand]
except KeyError:
if os.environ.get('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'):
# If `subcommand` is missing due to misconfigured settings, the
# following line will retrigger an ImproperlyConfigured exception
# (get_commands() swallows the original one) so the user is
# informed about it.
settings.INSTALLED_APPS
else:
sys.stderr.write("No Django settings specified.\n")
sys.stderr.write(
"Unknown command: %r\nType '%s help' for usage.\n"
% (subcommand, self.prog_name)
)
sys.exit(1)
if isinstance(app_name, BaseCommand):
# If the command is already loaded, use it directly.
klass = app_name
else:
klass = load_command_class(app_name, subcommand)
return klass
该函数根据命令中的指令参数匹配命令，若没有找到，则打印相应信息。
1.调用get_commands()获取所有支持的指令集
2.根据传入的命令参数获取对应命令之心年，如果不存在，则判断系统变量是否已设置了Django的模块配置，并加载配置文件中应用程序，然后退出流程。
3.若存在对应命令，则根据命令执行体类型，返回命令执行体实例。BaseCommand实例或者management.Commands中对应命令实例。
参考工厂模式/抽象工厂模式。每个通过load_command_class导入的命令实例都有一个Commands方法。
所有模版都继承自BaseCommand或BaseCommand的后代类，在BaseCommand类中定义了run_from_argv方法。
以下是BaseCommand代码：
class BaseCommand(object):
"""
The base class from which all management commands ultimately
derive.
Use this class if you want access to all of the mechanisms which
parse the command-line arguments and work out what code to call in
response; if you don't need to change any of that behavior,
consider using one of the subclasses defined in this file.
If you are interested in overriding/customizing various aspects of
the command-parsing and -execution behavior, the normal flow works
as follows:
1. ``django-admin`` or ``manage.py`` loads the command class
and calls its ``run_from_argv()`` method.
2. The ``run_from_argv()`` method calls ``create_parser()`` to get
an ``ArgumentParser`` for the arguments, parses them, performs
any environment changes requested by options like
``pythonpath``, and then calls the ``execute()`` method,
passing the parsed arguments.
3. The ``execute()`` method attempts to carry out the command by
calling the ``handle()`` method with the parsed arguments; any
output produced by ``handle()`` will be printed to standard
output and, if the command is intended to produce a block of
SQL statements, will be wrapped in ``BEGIN`` and ``COMMIT``.
4. If ``handle()`` or ``execute()`` raised any exception (e.g.
``CommandError``), ``run_from_argv()`` will instead print an error
message to ``stderr``.
Thus, the ``handle()`` method is typically the starting point for
subclasses; many built-in commands and command types either place
all of their logic in ``handle()``, or perform some additional
parsing work in ``handle()`` and then delegate from it to more
specialized methods as needed.
Several attributes affect behavior at various steps along the way:
``can_import_settings``
A boolean indicating whether the command needs to be able to
import Django settings; if ``True``, ``execute()`` will verify
that this is possible before proceeding. Default value is
``True``.
``help``
A short description of the command, which will be printed in
help messages.
``output_transaction``
A boolean indicating whether the command outputs SQL
statements; if ``True``, the output will automatically be
wrapped with ``BEGIN;`` and ``COMMIT;``. Default value is
``False``.
``requires_migrations_checks``
A boolean; if ``True``, the command prints a warning if the set of
migrations on disk don't match the migrations in the database.
``requires_system_checks``
A boolean; if ``True``, entire Django project will be checked for errors
prior to executing the command. Default value is ``True``.
To validate an individual application's models
rather than all applications' models, call
``self.check(app_configs)`` from ``handle()``, where ``app_configs``
is the list of application's configuration provided by the
app registry.
``leave_locale_alone``
A boolean indicating whether the locale set in settings should be
preserved during the execution of the command instead of translations
being deactivated.
Default value is ``False``.
Make sure you know what you are doing if you decide to change the value
of this option in your custom command if it creates database content
that is locale-sensitive and such content shouldn't contain any
translations (like it happens e.g. with django.contrib.auth
permissions) as activating any locale might cause unintended effects.
This option can't be False when the can_import_settings option is set
to False too because attempting to deactivate translations needs access
to settings. This condition will generate a CommandError.
"""
# Metadata about this command.
help = ''
# Configuration shortcuts that alter various logic.
_called_from_command_line = False
can_import_settings = True
output_transaction = False # Whether to wrap the output in a "BEGIN; COMMIT;"
leave_locale_alone = False
requires_migrations_checks = False
requires_system_checks = True
def __init__(self, stdout=None, stderr=None, no_color=False):
self.stdout = OutputWrapper(stdout or sys.stdout)
self.stderr = OutputWrapper(stderr or sys.stderr)
if no_color:
self.style = no_style()
else:
self.style = color_style()
self.stderr.style_func = self.style.ERROR
def get_version(self):
"""
Return the Django version, which should be correct for all built-in
Django commands. User-supplied commands can override this method to
return their own version.
"""
return django.get_version()
def create_parser(self, prog_name, subcommand):
"""
Create and return the ``ArgumentParser`` which will be used to
parse the arguments to this command.
"""
parser = CommandParser(
self, prog="%s %s" % (os.path.basename(prog_name), subcommand),
description=self.help or None,
)
parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version=self.get_version())
parser.add_argument(
'-v', '--verbosity', action='store', dest='verbosity', default=1,
type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
help='Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output',
)
parser.add_argument(
'--settings',
help=(
'The Python path to a settings module, e.g. '
'"myproject.settings.main". If this isn\'t provided, the '
'DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be used.'
),
)
parser.add_argument(
'--pythonpath',
help='A directory to add to the Python path, e.g. "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".',
)
parser.add_argument('--traceback', action='store_true', help='Raise on CommandError exceptions')
parser.add_argument(
'--no-color', action='store_true', dest='no_color', default=False,
help="Don't colorize the command output.",
)
self.add_arguments(parser)
return parser
def add_arguments(self, parser):
"""
Entry point for subclassed commands to add custom arguments.
"""
pass
def print_help(self, prog_name, subcommand):
"""
Print the help message for this command, derived from
``self.usage()``.
"""
parser = self.create_parser(prog_name, subcommand)
parser.print_help()
def run_from_argv(self, argv):
"""
Set up any environment changes requested (e.g., Python path
and Django settings), then run this command. If the
command raises a ``CommandError``, intercept it and print it sensibly
to stderr. If the ``--traceback`` option is present or the raised
``Exception`` is not ``CommandError``, raise it.
"""
self._called_from_command_line = True
parser = self.create_parser(argv[0], argv[1])
options = parser.parse_args(argv[2:])
cmd_options = vars(options)
# Move positional args out of options to mimic legacy optparse
args = cmd_options.pop('args', ())
handle_default_options(options)
try:
self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
except Exception as e:
if options.traceback or not isinstance(e, CommandError):
raise
# SystemCheckError takes care of its own formatting.
if isinstance(e, SystemCheckError):
self.stderr.write(str(e), lambda x: x)
else:
self.stderr.write('%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, e))
sys.exit(1)
finally:
connections.close_all()
def execute(self, *args, **options):
"""
Try to execute this command, performing system checks if needed (as
controlled by the ``requires_system_checks`` attribute, except if
force-skipped).
"""
if options['no_color']:
self.style = no_style()
self.stderr.style_func = None
if options.get('stdout'):
self.stdout = OutputWrapper(options['stdout'])
if options.get('stderr'):
self.stderr = OutputWrapper(options['stderr'], self.stderr.style_func)
saved_locale = None
if not self.leave_locale_alone:
# Only mess with locales if we can assume we have a working
# settings file, because django.utils.translation requires settings
# (The final saying about whether the i18n machinery is active will be
# found in the value of the USE_I18N setting)
if not self.can_import_settings:
raise CommandError("Incompatible values of 'leave_locale_alone' "
"(%s) and 'can_import_settings' (%s) command "
"options." % (self.leave_locale_alone,
self.can_import_settings))
# Deactivate translations, because django-admin creates database
# content like permissions, and those shouldn't contain any
# translations.
from django.utils import translation
saved_locale = translation.get_language()
translation.deactivate_all()
try:
if self.requires_system_checks and not options.get('skip_checks'):
self.check()
if self.requires_migrations_checks:
self.check_migrations()
output = self.handle(*args, **options)
if output:
if self.output_transaction:
connection = connections[options.get('database', DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)]
output = '%s\n%s\n%s' % (
self.style.SQL_KEYWORD(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql()),
output,
self.style.SQL_KEYWORD(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql()),
)
self.stdout.write(output)
finally:
if saved_locale is not None:
translation.activate(saved_locale)
return output
def _run_checks(self, **kwargs):
return checks.run_checks(**kwargs)
def check(self, app_configs=None, tags=None, display_num_errors=False,
include_deployment_checks=False, fail_level=checks.ERROR):
"""
Uses the system check framework to validate entire Django project.
Raises CommandError for any serious message (error or critical errors).
If there are only light messages (like warnings), they are printed to
stderr and no exception is raised.
"""
all_issues = self._run_checks(
app_configs=app_configs,
tags=tags,
include_deployment_checks=include_deployment_checks,
)
header, body, footer = "", "", ""
visible_issue_count = 0 # excludes silenced warnings
if all_issues:
debugs = [e for e in all_issues if e.level < checks.INFO and not e.is_silenced()]
infos = [e for e in all_issues if checks.INFO <= e.level < checks.WARNING and not e.is_silenced()]
warnings = [e for e in all_issues if checks.WARNING <= e.level < checks.ERROR and not e.is_silenced()]
errors = [e for e in all_issues if checks.ERROR <= e.level < checks.CRITICAL and not e.is_silenced()]
criticals = [e for e in all_issues if checks.CRITICAL <= e.level and not e.is_silenced()]
sorted_issues = [
(criticals, 'CRITICALS'),
(errors, 'ERRORS'),
(warnings, 'WARNINGS'),
(infos, 'INFOS'),
(debugs, 'DEBUGS'),
]
for issues, group_name in sorted_issues:
if issues:
visible_issue_count += len(issues)
formatted = (
self.style.ERROR(force_str(e))
if e.is_serious()
else self.style.WARNING(force_str(e))
for e in issues)
formatted = "\n".join(sorted(formatted))
body += '\n%s:\n%s\n' % (group_name, formatted)
if visible_issue_count:
header = "System check identified some issues:\n"
if display_num_errors:
if visible_issue_count:
footer += '\n'
footer += "System check identified %s (%s silenced)." % (
"no issues" if visible_issue_count == 0 else
"1 issue" if visible_issue_count == 1 else
"%s issues" % visible_issue_count,
len(all_issues) - visible_issue_count,
)
if any(e.is_serious(fail_level) and not e.is_silenced() for e in all_issues):
msg = self.style.ERROR("SystemCheckError: %s" % header) + body + footer
raise SystemCheckError(msg)
else:
msg = header + body + footer
if msg:
if visible_issue_count:
self.stderr.write(msg, lambda x: x)
else:
self.stdout.write(msg)
def check_migrations(self):
"""
Print a warning if the set of migrations on disk don't match the
migrations in the database.
"""
from django.db.migrations.executor import MigrationExecutor
try:
executor = MigrationExecutor(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
except ImproperlyConfigured:
# No databases are configured (or the dummy one)
return
except MigrationSchemaMissing:
self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE(
"\nNot checking migrations as it is not possible to access/create the django_migrations table."
))
return
plan = executor.migration_plan(executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes())
if plan:
apps_waiting_migration = sorted(set(migration.app_label for migration, backwards in plan))
self.stdout.write(
self.style.NOTICE(
"\nYou have %(unpplied_migration_count)s unapplied migration(s). "
"Your project may not work properly until you apply the "
"migrations for app(s): %(apps_waiting_migration)s." % {
"unpplied_migration_count": len(plan),
"apps_waiting_migration": ", ".join(apps_waiting_migration),
}
)
)
self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE("Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.\n"))
def handle(self, *args, **options):
"""
The actual logic of the command. Subclasses must implement
this method.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCommand must provide a handle() method')
然后执行命令执行体实例的run_from_argv()方法。
run_from_argv方法解析输入的参数，并调用实例方法execute()，捕获执行过程的异常并提示，最后关闭可能的数据库连接
execute方法根据‘requires_system_checks’属性决定是否执行系统检查，除非强制跳过，尝试执行语句。
该execute方法检查先根据输入参数确认是否需要更改颜色/标准输出以及错误输出，然后检查是否跳过系统检查以及是否执行数据库检查，若需要则执行检查（check检查函数来自core模块），通过调用子类实现的self.handle进行处理，并对操作进行记录。
各命令的具体执行代码，可以参考/site-packages/django/core/management/commands目录下的对应文件源码
以上，就是django-admin以及manage执行的命令过程。
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