定义，公理，定理，推论，命题和引理的区别

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本文探讨了数学中的基本构造，包括定义的精确性，公理作为不证自明的基石，定理的严谨证明，以及引理、推论和悖论的角色。理解这些概念对于深入数学研究至关重要。

一、概念

Definition (定义) - a precise and unambiguous description of the meaning of a mathematical term. It characterizes the meaning of a word by giving all the properties and only those properties that must be true.

Axiom/Postulate (公理/假定) - a statement that is assumed to be true without proof.These are the basic building blocks from which all theorems are proved (Euclid's five postulates, Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, Peano axioms).

Theorem (定理) - a mathematical statement that is proved using rigorous mathematical reasoning. In a mathematical paper, the term theorem is often reserved for the most important results.

Lemma (引理) - a minor result whose sole purpose is to help in proving a theorem. It is a stepping stone on the path to proving a theorem. Very occasionally lemmas can take on a life of their own (Zorn's lemma, Urysohn's lemma, Burnside's lemma, Sperner's lemma).

Corollary (推论) - a result in which the (usually short) proof relies heavily on a given theorem (we often say that "this is a corollary of Theorem A").

Paradox (悖论)- a statement that can be shown, using a given set of axioms and definitions, to be both true and false. Paradoxes are often used to show the inconsistencies in a flawed theory (Russell's paradox). The term paradox is often used informally to describe a surprising or counterintuitive result that follows from a given set of rules (Banach-Tarski paradox, Alabama paradox,Gabriel's horn).

Proposition (命题) - a proved and often interesting result, but generally less important than a theorem.

Conjecture (猜想) - a statement that is unproved, but is believed to be true (Collatz conjecture, Goldbach conjecture, twin prime conjecture).

Claim (断言) - an assertion that is then proved. It is often used like an informal lemma.

Identity ((恒)等式) - a mathematical expression giving the equality of two (often variable) quantities (trigonometric identities, Euler's identity)

定义 - 对数学术语的精准明确的描述。它通过描述全部属性，且只有绝对成立的属性,来阐释词语。

公理/假定 - 是被假定不证自明的陈述。这些是证明所有定理的基础(欧几里得的五个公设，泽梅洛-弗伦克尔公理，皮亚诺公理)

定理 - 用严格的数学推理证明的数学命题。在数学论文中，定理一词常被用来表示最重要的结果。

引理 - 是辅助证明定理的次级结论。它是证明定理的一块垫脚石。引理偶尔可以独自发挥作用。(佐恩引理、Urysohn引理、Burnside引理、Sperner引理)

推论 - 是依赖给定的定理引出的(通常简短的)结论(我们经常说“这是定理a的一个推论”)。

悖论 - 在一组定义与公理下同时可证实也可证伪的陈述。悖论经常被用来显示一个有缺陷的理论的不一致性(罗素悖论)。这个术语也用作描述给定规则集下导出的反直觉结果(巴纳赫-塔尔斯基悖论，阿拉巴马悖论，加布里埃尔的号角)。

命题 - 经过证明的通常较为有趣的结论，但一般没有定理重要。

猜想 - 一个未经证实但被认为是正确的命题(Collatz猜想、哥德巴赫猜想、孪生素数猜想)。